{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T04:33:49Z","timestamp":1780374829306,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dental cements are in a constant state of evolution, adapting to better align with the intricacies of tooth structure and the dynamic movements within the oral cavity. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of zirconia-reinforced glass ionomer cement\u2014an innovative variant of modified glass ionomer cements\u2014in terms of its ability to withstand compressive forces and prevent microleakage during dental caries reconstruction. An extensive search was conducted across various databases, encompassing PubMed-MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar, prominent journals, unpublished studies, conference proceedings, and cross-referenced sources. The selected studies underwent meticulous scrutiny according to predetermined criteria, followed by the assessment of quality and the determination of evidence levels. In total, 16 studies were incorporated into this systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA). The findings suggest that both compomer and giomer cements exhibit greater compressive strength and reduced microleakage values than zirconia-reinforced glass ionomer cement. In contrast, resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) and high-viscosity glass ionomer cement (GIC) demonstrate less favorable performance in these regards when compared with zirconia-reinforced glass ionomer cement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj11090211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T07:57:17Z","timestamp":1694159837000},"page":"211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Comprehensive Evaluation of Zirconia-Reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement\u2019s Effectiveness in Dental Caries: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3263-4385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srikurmam","family":"Manisha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune 411018, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumya S","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune 411018, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4174-907X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vini","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Research Cell, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune 411018, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3140-2614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rizwan","family":"SA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientist-D, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai 600077, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3354-2194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aida","family":"Meto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune 411018, Maharashtra, India"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Aldent, 1007 Tirana, Albania"},{"name":"Clinical Microbiology, School of Dentistry, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162380","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1162380","article-title":"Association of Polymicrobial Interactions with Dental Caries Development and Prevention","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Fejerskov, O., Bente, N., and Edwina, K. (2015). Dental Caries: The Disease and Its Clinical Management, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Figundio, N., Lopes, P., Tedesco, T.K., Fernandes, J.C.H., Fernandes, G.V.O., and Mello-Moura, A.C.V. (2023). Deep Carious Lesions Management with Stepwise, Selective, or Non-Selective Removal in Permanent Dentition: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11162338"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-019-0849-7","article-title":"Restorative intervention thresholds and treatment decisions of general dental practitioners in London","volume":"227","author":"Pav","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"2244982","article-title":"Fluoride exchange by glass-ionomer dental cements and its clinical effects: A review","volume":"10","author":"Nicholson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomater Investig Dent."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2011.08.002","article-title":"Effects of nanocrystalline calcium deficient hydroxyapatite incorporation in glass ionomer cements","volume":"7","author":"Goenka","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"313","article-title":"The glass-ionomer cement, a new translucent dental filling material","volume":"21","author":"Wilson","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"158","article-title":"Glass ionomer cement: The different generations","volume":"18","author":"Nagaraja","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Biomater. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2010.01293.x","article-title":"Glass-ionomer cement restorative materials: A sticky subject?","volume":"56","author":"Sidhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mount, G.J. (2002). Color Atlas of Glass Ionomer Cement, Martin Dunitz. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.3109\/9780203215456"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (2009). Dental Devices: Classification of Dental Amalgam, Reclassification of Dental Mercury, Designation of Special Controls for Dental Amalgam, Mercury, and Amalgam Alloy. Final Rule, Federal Register 74, No. 148."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.15644\/asc52\/2\/2","article-title":"Evaluation of Microleakage in Zirconomer\u00ae: A Zirconia Reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement","volume":"52","author":"Albeshti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta. Stomatol. Croat."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3390\/prosthesis5010024","article-title":"Chemically activated glass-ionomer cements as bioactive materials in dentistry: A review","volume":"5","author":"Makanjuola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prosthesis"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicholson, J.W., Sidhu, S.K., and Czarnecka, B. (2020). Enhancing the mechanical properties of glass-ionomer dental cements: A review. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13112510"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"335","article-title":"Accuracy of digital images in the detection of marginal microleakage: An in vitro study","volume":"14","author":"Alvarenga","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Dent."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The Cochrane Collaboration\u2019s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385","article-title":"The PRISMA Extension Statement for Reporting of Systematic Reviews Incorporating Network Meta-Analyses of Health Care Interventions: Checklist and Explanations","volume":"162","author":"Hutton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000368959.11129.79","article-title":"Evidence-Based Practice, Step by Step: Asking the Clinical Question: A Key Step in Evidence-Based Practice","volume":"110","author":"Stillwell","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJN Am. J. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Joanna Briggs Institute (2017). The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools for Use in JBI Systematic Reviews Checklist for Analytical Cross Sectional Studies, The Joanna Briggs Institute."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-0707.136338","article-title":"CRIS Guidelines (Checklist for Reporting In-Vitro Studies): A Concept Note on the Need for Standardized Guidelines for Improving Quality and Transparency in Reporting in-Vitro Studies in Experimental Dental Research","volume":"17","author":"Krithikadatta","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Conserv. Dent."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-4388.186746","article-title":"A Comparative Evaluation of Microleakage and Compressive Strength of Ketac Molar, Giomer, Zirconomer, and Ceram-x: An in Vitro Study","volume":"34","author":"Walia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-1407","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of sorption, solubility, and compressive strength of three different glass ionomer cements in artificial saliva: An in vitro study","volume":"10","author":"Bhatia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S272","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_730_20","article-title":"A New Zinc Reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement: A Boon in Dentistry","volume":"13","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"259","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of compressive strength of Ketac Molar, Zirconomer, and Zirconomer Improved","volume":"4","author":"Shetty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sch. J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"70091","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of compressive strength and diametral tensile strength of zirconomer, ketac molar and Type IX GIC-An In-Vitro Study","volume":"10","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Prev. Community Dent."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"444","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Compressive, Flexural Strength and Micro Hardness of Different Dental Materials","volume":"4","author":"Patil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Dhivya, S. (2020). In Vitro Comparative study of Sorption, Solubility and Compressive Strength of Three Modified Glass Ionomer Cements. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Vivekanandha Dental College for Women]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_591_19","article-title":"How Do the Surface Coating and One-Year Water Aging Affect the Properties of Fluoride-Releasing Restorative Materials?","volume":"23","year":"2020","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"59","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Microleakage, Surface Roughness and Hardness of Three Glass Ionomer Cements\u2013Zirconomer, Fujii IX Extra GC and Ketac Molar: An In Vitro Study","volume":"3","author":"Asafarlal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Health Curr. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"e3672","article-title":"Comparative analysis of microleakage of zirconia-infused glass ionomer cement with miracle mix and amalgam: An In Vitro study","volume":"10","author":"Ranadheer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4103\/jicdro.jicdro_2_19","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of microleakage in class V cavities restored with giomer, resin-modified glass ionomer, zirconomer and nano-ionomer: An in vitro study","volume":"11","author":"Salman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Clin. Dent. Res. Organ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.21608\/adjg.2020.13541.1166","article-title":"Evaluation of the Clinical Performance of Reinforced Glass Ionomer Restorations and Influence of Heat Application on Their Shear Bond Strength and Microleakage","volume":"7","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Al-Azhar Dent. J. Girls"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"64","article-title":"Evaluation of the Effect of Home Bleaching Gel on Microleakage of Different Glass Ionomers Reinforced with Micro-Hydroxyapatite","volume":"22","author":"Sharafeddin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Conserv. Dent."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_543_18","article-title":"Shear bond strength and microleakage of novel glass-ionomer cements: An in vitro study","volume":"22","author":"Meral","year":"2019","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pr."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Ashok, L. (2020). A Comparative Evaluation of Microleakage Around Class V Cavities Restored with Five Different Tooth Coloured Restorative Materials: An In Vitro Study. [Ph.D. Thesis, Sree Mookambika Institute of Denal Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Kaladevi, M. (2020). Comparative Evaluation of Microleakage of Three Different Glass Ionomer Cements in Class V Cavity: An In Vitro Study. [Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Government Dental College and Hospital]."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Anusavice, K.J., Phillips, R.W., Shen, C., and Rawls, H.R. (2013). Phillips\u2019 Science of Dental Materials, Elsevier\/Saunders. [18th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1990.0018","article-title":"Silver\u2013alloy powder and glass ionomer cement","volume":"120","author":"Simmons","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"333","article-title":"Glass-cermet cements","volume":"16","author":"McLean","year":"1985","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(98)00132-X","article-title":"Resin-modified glass-ionomers","volume":"19","author":"McCabe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2008.04.005","article-title":"The biocompatibility of resin-modified glass-ionomer cements for dentistry","volume":"4","author":"Nicholson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dent Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2009.08.015","article-title":"Clinical evaluations of resin-modified glass-ionomer restorations","volume":"26","author":"Sidhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30908","article-title":"Effect of Conditioning Methods on the Microtensile Bond Strength of Phosphate Monomer-Based Cement on Zirconia Ceramic in Dry and Aged Conditions","volume":"85","author":"Amaral","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"423","article-title":"Glass ionomer cements in pediatric dentistry: Review of the literature","volume":"24","author":"Croll","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(97)00133-6","article-title":"Compomers: Between glass-ionomer cements and composites","volume":"19","author":"Meyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2003.11.009","article-title":"Fluoride Release and Recharge in Giomer, Compomer and Resin Composite","volume":"20","author":"Itota","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2012.11.005","article-title":"Effect of gloss and heat on the mechanical behaviour of a glass carbomer cement","volume":"41","author":"Ulrike","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"77","article-title":"Fracture resistance of maxillary premolars with mod cavities restored with Zirconomer: An in vitro comparative study","volume":"2","author":"Uday","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"260","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of Bioactive Restorative Material, Zirconia Reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement and Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement to the Dentinal Surface of Primary Molars: An in vitro Study","volume":"4","author":"Nanavati","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3735","DOI":"10.21608\/edj.2019.76018","article-title":"Assessment of the Fracture Resistance of Novel Zirconia Reinforced Glass Ionomer in Comparison to Nano Hybrid Resin Composite Restorations","volume":"65","author":"Safy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Zirconia: An up-to-date literature review","volume":"4","author":"Khamverdi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"355","article-title":"Comparative study of the physical properties of core materials","volume":"22","author":"Saygili","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Periodontics Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Summitt, J.B., Robbins, J.W., Hilton, T.J., and Schwartz, R.S. (2006). Bonding to Enamel and Dentin. Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry, Quintessence Publishing Co., Inc.. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Van Noort, R., and Barbour, M.E. (2007). Introduction to Dental Materials, Elsevier Science Health Science div."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Sakaguchi, R.L., and Powers, J.M. (2012). Craig\u2019s Restorative Dental Materials, Elsevier Mosby. [13th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(99)70079-X","article-title":"Diametral and Compressive Strength of Dental Core Materials","volume":"82","author":"Cho","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"73","article-title":"de L. Mechanical Properties and Bond Strength of Glass-Ionomer Cements","volume":"4","author":"Pereira","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Dent."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Nicholson, J., and Beata, C. (2016). Materials for the Direct Restoration of Teeth, Woodhead Publishing. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-4388.27892","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of four restorative materials to support undermined occlusal enamel of permanent teeth","volume":"24","author":"Prabhakar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0109-5641(93)90107-2","article-title":"Early strength of glass ionomer cements","volume":"9","author":"Godin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.1982.tb00546.x","article-title":"An evaluation of mechanical and adhesive properties of polycarboxylate and glass ionomer cements","volume":"9","author":"Negm","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345920710120301","article-title":"The effect of using layered specimens for determination of the compressive strength of glass-ionomer cements","volume":"71","author":"Anstice","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1861","article-title":"Study of the mechanical properties of the novel zirconia-reinforced glass ionomer cement","volume":"17","author":"Chalissery","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Contemp Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"52","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Compressive Strength and Diametral Tensile Strength of Zirconomer with GIC and Amalgam","volume":"7","author":"Dheeraj","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"291","article-title":"Fracture resistance of three posterior restorative materials: A preliminary in vitro study","volume":"7","author":"Mohanty","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Ruengrungsom, C. (2021). Evaluation of Physical\/Mechanical Properties, Ion Release, and Rechargeable Efficacy of Contemporary Ion-leaching Restorative Materials. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Melbourne]."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00638-5","article-title":"Compressive strength, fluoride release and recharge of fluoride-releasing materials","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"ZC90","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and fluoride release of glass-ionomer cement, compomer and zirconia reinforced glass-ionomer cement","volume":"10","author":"Tiwari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"23","article-title":"Microleakage of a new improved glass ionomer restorative material in primary and permanent teeth","volume":"24","author":"Castro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0109-5641(91)90055-4","article-title":"Quality and durability of marginal adaptation in bonded composite restorations","volume":"7","author":"Lutz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-5712(76)90048-8","article-title":"Microleakage: A review","volume":"4","author":"Kidd","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"83","article-title":"Response of the dental pulp to invasion of bacteria around three filling materials","volume":"43","year":"1976","journal-title":"ASDC J. Dent. Child."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"74","article-title":"Comparison of the Effect of Nd: YAG and Diode Lasers and Photodynamic Therapy on Microleakage of Class V Composite Resin Restorations","volume":"7","author":"Oskoee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res. Dent. Clin. Dent. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.172019","article-title":"The comparative evaluation of fracture resistance and microleakage in bonded amalgam, amalgam, and composite resins in primary molars","volume":"26","author":"Vanishree","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5194.113245","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of microleakage in Class V cavities using various glass ionomer cements: An in vitro study","volume":"2","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Interdiscip. Dent."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.12816\/0017745","article-title":"Effect on Micro-Leakage of Composite Resoration with Two Different Adhesives after Bleaching","volume":"10","author":"Fatima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Smile Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2005.10.044","article-title":"A comparison of four different microleakage tests for assessment of leakage of root canal fillings","volume":"102","author":"Ersoy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"173","article-title":"Detection of microleakage around dental restorations: A review","volume":"22","author":"Alani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345750540013401","article-title":"Assessment of microleakage using a conductimetric technique","volume":"54","author":"Jacobsen","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345680470061901","article-title":"Quantitative method for studying microleakage in vivo and in vitro","volume":"47","author":"Going","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-0707.82609","article-title":"A comparative in vitro study of microleakage by a radioactive isotope and compressive strength of three nanofilled composite resin restorations","volume":"14","author":"Gogna","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Conserv. Dent."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"279","article-title":"Can modern restorative procedures and materials reliably seal cavities? In vitro investigations. Part 2","volume":"15","author":"Hilton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-5712(92)90002-T","article-title":"Microleakage","volume":"20","author":"Taylor","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"755","article-title":"Microleakage of a single-bottle adhesive system with 3 restorative materials: In vitro study and clinical considerations","volume":"24","author":"Baghdadi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Compend. Contin. Educ. Dent."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2015.04.004","article-title":"Conventional glass-ionomer materials: A review of the developments in glass powder, polyacid liquid and the strategies of reinforcement","volume":"43","author":"Baig","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbhai, S., Shetty, R., Joshi, P., Mehta, V., Mathur, A., Sharma, T., Chakraborty, D., Porwal, P., Meto, A., and Wahjuningrum, D.A. (2022). Evaluation of Root Anatomy and Canal Configuration of Human Permanent Maxillary First Molar Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610160"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2005.10.002","article-title":"In vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo biocompatibility of contemporary resin-modified glass-ionomer cements","volume":"22","author":"Souza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."}],"container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/11\/9\/211\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:47:14Z","timestamp":1760129234000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/11\/9\/211"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["dj11090211"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj11090211","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-6767"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-6767","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]}}}