{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T09:38:39Z","timestamp":1782812319297,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,26]],"date-time":"2023-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"New Zealand Dental Research Foundation","award":["RF8.02 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF8.02 2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The management of root caries remains a challenge for clinicians due to its unique anatomical location and structure. There is increasing interest in utilising artificial root caries lesions to develop new strategies for remineralisation. An ideal protocol has not yet been agreed upon. The aim of this review is to provide a structured overview of previously reported in vitro root caries models. The literature was screened and mined for information mainly on substrate selection, model systems utilised, and variables used in the models. Human roots (60%) were the most frequently used substrates, followed by bovine roots (40%). Chemical models (69%) were the most frequently utilised model systems, followed by microbiological models (27%), to form root caries lesions. Acetate buffer solution (80%), pH 5.0 or above (40%), and a demineralisation time of five days (25%) were the common variables used in the chemical systems, while mono-species biofilm was most frequently used (73%) in microbiological models and Streptococcus mutans was the most common bacterial strain utilised in these models (80%). This review highlights the variability amongst the experimental approaches, discusses the advantages and limitations of these approaches, and emphasises that standardisation of experimental conditions along with sustained research will benefit root caries research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj11120269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T03:33:56Z","timestamp":1701056036000},"page":"269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["In Vitro Models Used in the Formation of Root Caries Lesions\u2014A Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Zaid","family":"Dohan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0779-8479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara T.","family":"Friedlander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1305-7287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul R.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5411-3065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai-Chun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8534-4472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jithendra T.","family":"Ratnayake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7745-257X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"May L.","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fejerskov, O., and Kidd, E. 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