{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T05:01:26Z","timestamp":1785214886648,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Candida albicans and similar species are significant pathogens in immunocompromised and hospitalized individuals, known for mucosal colonization and bloodstream\/organ invasion. Many pathogenic fungi, including these species, exhibit autofluorescence (R\/OF) under specific light conditions, a feature crucial for their detection. Aim: We investigated the use of a 405 nm diode laser for the direct observation of red\/orange autofluorescence of Candida spp., common in the oral cavity, exploring its potential in health screenings. Methods: This study utilized cultures of Candida spp. on Sabouraud dextrose agar with Qdot 655 and 685 for fluorescence benchmarking, illuminated using a 405 nm diode laser (continuous wave, power 250 mW, 0.0425 J\/cm\u00b2 fluence, 0.0014 W\/cm\u00b2 power density). Images were captured using a yellow-filter camera at set intervals (48 to 144 h). Visual and computational analyses evaluated the R\/OF in terms of presence, intensity, coloration, and intra-colony variation. Results: Most Candida strains displayed red\/orange autofluorescence at all observation times, characterized by varied coloration and intra-colony distribution. Initially, there was an increase in R\/OF intensity, which then stabilized in the later stages of observation. Conclusions: The majority of the Candida strains tested are capable of emitting R\/OF under 405 nm laser light. This finding opens up new possibilities for integrating R\/OF detection into routine dental screenings for Candida spp.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj12030048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T08:59:01Z","timestamp":1708937941000},"page":"48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Red\/Orange Autofluorescence in Selected Candida Strains Exposed to 405 nm Laser Light"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5673-7413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Wiench","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal Diseases and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Paliga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Office Reanata and Dariusz Paliga, Aleja Niepodleg\u0142o\u015bci 3\/lok 2, 35-303 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0796-8818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Mertas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9077-2404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Bobela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8708-470X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Ku\u015bka-Kie\u0142bratowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal Diseases and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2989-3431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Bordin-Aykroyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photomedicine, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1284-3809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Kawczyk-Krupka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-902 Bytom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5700-4577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinga","family":"Grzech-Le\u015bniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Laboratory, Dental Surgery Department, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6110-4298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Lukomska-Szymanska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska St., 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photomedicine, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8732-251X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Skaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal Diseases and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v20i1.9","article-title":"Prevalence of Candida spp. and Age-Related Disparities Amongst Women Presenting with Vaginitis at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O&G) Clinic in a Tertiary Hospital in Port Harcourt, Nigeria","volume":"20","author":"Osadebe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2020.101024","article-title":"Prevalence of Virulent candida spp. in Complicated Urinary Tract Infection of Nephrolithiatic Patients from Surgical Units of Tertiary Care Hospitals Islamabad","volume":"30","author":"Zafar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiench, R., Skaba, D., Matys, J., and Grzech-Le\u015bniak, K. (2021). Efficacy of Toluidine Blue-Mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy on Candida spp. A Systematic Review. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040349"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-2358.1993.tb00090.x","article-title":"Relationships between Yeasts and Primary Root-Caries Lesions","volume":"10","author":"Beighton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18026","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.26","article-title":"Invasive Candidiasis","volume":"4","author":"Pappas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2021.106619","article-title":"Candida spp. co-infection in COVID-19 patients with severe pneumonia: Prevalence study and associated risk factors","volume":"188","author":"Carrillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-022-00851-w","article-title":"Distribution and antifungal susceptibility profiles of Candida species isolated from people living with HIV\/AIDS in a public hospital in Goi\u00e2nia, GO, Brazil","volume":"54","author":"Freitas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.78.922.455","article-title":"Oral Candidiasis","volume":"78","author":"Akpan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102451","article-title":"Candida Species as Potential Risk Factors for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"86","author":"Tasso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00278.x","article-title":"Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis: Biology, Epidemiology, Pathogenicity and Antifungal Resistance","volume":"36","author":"Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graus, M.S., Neumann, A.K., and Timlin, J.A. (2017). Hyperspectral Fluorescence Microscopy Detects Autofluorescent Factors That Can Be Exploited as a Diagnostic Method for Candida Species Differentiation. J. Biomed. Opt., 22.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.22.1.016002"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/35107042","article-title":"Real-Time Spectroscopy of Transition States in Bacteriorhodopsin During Retinal Isomerization","volume":"414","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petruzzi, M., Della Vella, F., Cassandro, A., Mosca, A., Di Comite, M., Contaldo, M., Grassi, F.R., and Lauritano, D. (2019). Dorsal Tongue Porphyrin Autofluorescence and Candida Saprophytism: A Prospective Observational Study. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223072"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lane, P.M., Gilhuly, T., Whitehead, P., Zeng, H., Poh, C.F., Ng, S., Williams, P.M., Zhang, L., Rosin, M.P., and MacAulay, C.E. (2006). Simple Device for the Direct Visualization of Oral-Cavity Tissue Fluorescence. J. Biomed. Opt., 11.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2193157"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.01285.x","article-title":"Autofluorescence of Human Skin is Age-Related After Correction for Skin Pigmentation and Redness","volume":"116","author":"Na","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2018.04.021","article-title":"Porphyrins and Flavins as Endogenous Acceptors of Optical Radiation of Blue Spectral Region Determining Photoinactivation of Microbial Cells","volume":"183","author":"Plavskii","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"117","article-title":"The Status of In Vivo Autofluorescence Spectroscopy and Imaging for Oral Oncology","volume":"14","author":"Witjes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2010.12.333","article-title":"Autofluorescence Imaging Can Identify Preinvasive or Clinically Occult Lesions in Fallopian Tube Epithelium: A Promising Step Towards Screening and Early Detection","volume":"120","author":"McAlpine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12045","article-title":"Effect of Metalloporphyrins on Red Autofluorescence from Oral Bacteria","volume":"121","author":"Volgenant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volgenant, C.M., Hoogenkamp, M.A., Krom, B.P., Janus, M.M., Ten Cate, J.M., de Soet, J.J., Crielaard, W., and van der Veen, M.H. (2016). Red and Green Fluorescence from Oral Biofilms. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168428"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.10185","article-title":"Autofluorescence Characteristics of Healthy Oral Mucosa at Different Anatomical Sites","volume":"32","author":"Skurichina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2016.02.010","article-title":"Dynamics of Red Fluorescent Dental Plaque during Experimental Gingivitis\u2014A Cohort Study","volume":"48","author":"Volgenant","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-009-9514-8","article-title":"Photoinactivation of Candida albicans by Its Own Endogenous Porphyrins","volume":"60","author":"Oriel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(96)07287-9","article-title":"The Role of Membrane-Bound Porphyrin-Type Compound as Endogenous Sensitizer in Photodynamic Damage to Yeast Plasma Membranes","volume":"34","author":"Fraikin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1155015","article-title":"Antimicrobial Blue Light Inactivation of Candida albicans: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2013.05.004","article-title":"Lethal Effects of High-Intensity Violet 405-nm Light on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, and on Dormant and Germinating Spores of Aspergillus niger","volume":"117","author":"Murdoch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fungal Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103575","article-title":"Characterization of Oral Candidiasis and the Candida Species Profile in Patients with Oral Mucosal Diseases","volume":"134","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1117\/12.586823","article-title":"Human Color Perception in the HSV Space and Its Application in Histogram Generation for Image Retrieval","volume":"5667","author":"Vadivel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Color Imaging X Process. Hardcopy Appl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012020","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2157\/1\/012020","article-title":"Determination of Hue Saturation Value (HSV) Color Feature in Kidney Histology Image","volume":"2157","author":"Kurniastuti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imed.2022.09.002","article-title":"Objective Tongue Diagnosis Based on HSV Color Space: Controlled Study of Tongue Appearance in Patients Treated with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Coronary Heart Disease","volume":"3","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intell. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satrya, G.B., Ramatryana, I.N.A., and Shin, S.Y. (2023). Compressive Sensing of Medical Images Based on HSV Color Space. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052616"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876480","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8876480","article-title":"Image Retrieval Using the Fused Perceptual Color Histogram","volume":"2020","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2021.109423","article-title":"A Visual-Degradation-Inspired Model with HSV Color-Encoding for Contour Detection","volume":"369","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Kimball, S., Mattis, P., and GIMP Team (2022, April 20). GNU Image Manipulation Program. 1995\u20132023. Available online: https:\/\/www.gimp.org\/."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Rasband, W.S. (2022, April 20). ImageJ, Available online: https:\/\/imagej.nih.gov\/ij\/."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.1900070605","article-title":"Endogenous Porphyrin Fluorescence in Tumors","volume":"7","author":"Harris","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(96)04388-1","article-title":"Fluorescence Photography as a Diagnostic Method for Oral Cancer","volume":"108","author":"Onizawa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/S0901-5027(99)80140-4","article-title":"Usefulness of Fluorescence Photography for Diagnosis of Oral Cancer","volume":"28","author":"Onizawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/S0901-5027(00)80123-X","article-title":"Chromatic Analysis of Autofluorescence Emitted from Squamous Cell Carcinomas Arising in the Oral Cavity: A Preliminary Study","volume":"29","author":"Onizawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9101(1999)25:4<323::AID-LSM7>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Autofluorescence Imaging and Spectroscopy of Normal and Malignant Mucosa in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer","volume":"25","author":"Betz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2023.101362","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Echinocandin Monotherapy and Combination Therapy for Immunocompromised Patients with Systemic Candidiasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"33","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104477","article-title":"Are Candida albicans Isolates from the Oral Cavity of HIV-Infected Patients More Virulent than from Non-HIV-Infected Patients? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"149","author":"Orlandini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorenzo-Pouso, A.I., P\u00e9rez-Jard\u00f3n, A., Caponio, V.C.A., Spirito, F., Chamorro-Petronacci, C.M., \u00c1lvarez-Calder\u00f3n-Iglesias, \u00d3., G\u00e1ndara-Vila, P., Lo Muzio, L., and P\u00e9rez-Say\u00e1ns, M. (2022). Oral Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis and Its Potential Risk of Malignant Transformation: A Systematic Review and Prevalence Meta-Analysis. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8101093"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, S.M., de Josselin de Jong, E., Higham, S.M., Hope, C.K., and Kim, B.I. (2020). Fluorescence Fingerprints of Oral Bacteria. J. Biophotonics, 13.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201900190"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-018-7515-7","article-title":"Fluorescence Change of Fusobacterium nucleatum due to Porphyromonas gingivalis","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1159\/000095655","article-title":"Red Autofluorescence of Dental Plaque Bacteria","volume":"40","author":"Thomas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14549","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1934514100","article-title":"Chemical Communication Among Bacteria","volume":"100","author":"Taga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.10.061807.160536","article-title":"Bacterial Quorum Sensing: Signals, Circuits, and Implications for Biofilms and Disease","volume":"10","author":"Jayaraman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1145\/965139.807361","article-title":"Color Gamut Transform Pairs","volume":"12","author":"Smith","year":"1978","journal-title":"Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2014.03.006","article-title":"Monitoring the Maturation Process of a Dental Microcosm Biofilm Using the Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence-Digital (QLF-D)","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1159\/000381961","article-title":"Discrimination of Dental Caries Using Colorimetric Characteristics of Fluorescence Spectrum","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2013.08.021","article-title":"Association between the Cariogenicity of a Dental Microcosm Biofilm and Its Red Fluorescence Detected by Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence-Digital (QLF-D)","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.199592","article-title":"Fluorescence of Candida in Diagnosis of Oral Candidiasis","volume":"27","author":"Shetty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_302_22","article-title":"Diagnostic Yield of Calcofluor White in the Identification of Candida albicans in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"26","author":"Chinnasamy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1159\/000325232","article-title":"Detection of Candida by Calcofluor White","volume":"54","author":"Bhavasar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Cytol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.7.2961-2967.2003","article-title":"Biofilm-Forming Ability of Candida albicans is Unlikely to Contribute to High Levels of Oral Yeast Carriage in Cases of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection","volume":"41","author":"Jin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4845","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e09-01-0002","article-title":"Glucose Promotes Stress Resistance in the Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans","volume":"20","author":"Rodaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2009.01719.x","article-title":"Community Lifestyle of Candida in Mixed Biofilms: A Mini Review","volume":"52","author":"Thein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(01)02094-7","article-title":"Virulence Factors of Candida albicans","volume":"9","author":"Calderone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-011-1064-7","article-title":"Candida albicans, A Major Human Fungal Pathogen","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00009-06","article-title":"Environmental Sensing and Signal Transduction Pathways Regulating Morpho-pathogenic Determinants of Candida albicans","volume":"71","author":"Biswas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2636","article-title":"Growth of Candida albicans Hyphae","volume":"9","author":"Sudbery","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00032-07","article-title":"Candida albicans Cell Wall Proteins","volume":"72","author":"Chaffin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2016.01.002","article-title":"Candida albicans Biofilms: Development, Regulation, and Molecular Mechanisms","volume":"18","author":"Gulati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1159\/000088898","article-title":"The Ability of Selected Oral Microorganisms to Emit Red Fluorescence","volume":"40","author":"Lennon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1159\/000528731","article-title":"Fluorescence Spectroscopy Shows Porphyrins Produced by Cultured Oral Bacteria Differ Depending on Composition of Growth Media","volume":"57","author":"Lennon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"562","article-title":"Porphyrin Metabolisms in Human Skin Commensal Propionibacterium acnes Bacteria: Potential Application to Monitor Human Radiation Risk","volume":"20","author":"Shu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00793-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00793-19","article-title":"Porphyrin Production and Regulation in Cutaneous Propionibacteria","volume":"5","author":"Barnard","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2015.07.173","article-title":"Lethal Photosensitisation of Prevotellaceae under Anaerobic Conditions by Their Endogenous Porphyrins","volume":"13","author":"Hope","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2017.26.8.452","article-title":"Point-of-Care Fluorescence Imaging Predicts the Presence of Pathogenic Bacteria in Wounds: A Clinical Study","volume":"26","author":"Rennie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2019-0279","article-title":"In vitro detection of porphyrin-producing wound bacteria with real-time fluores-cence imaging","volume":"15","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rennie, M.Y., Dunham, D., Lindvere-Teene, L., Raizman, R., Hill, R., and Linden, R. (2019). Understanding Real-Time Fluorescence Signals from Bacteria and Wound Tissues Observed with the MolecuLight i:X\u2122. Diagnostics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics9010022"}],"container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/12\/3\/48\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:04:52Z","timestamp":1760105092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/12\/3\/48"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["dj12030048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj12030048","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-6767"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-6767","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]}}}