{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:35:36Z","timestamp":1792064136248,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH &amp; Co. KG, Bielefeld, Germany"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Modern toothpastes are complex formulations with various ingredients. The aim of this study was to analyze the improvement of toothpaste formulations from 1900 to 2023 focusing on active ingredients with remineralizing, antibacterial, or plaque-removing effects, and to discuss their influence on caries prevention. For this, worldwide patent applications were searched using the international database Espacenet from the European Patent Office. Additionally, toothpaste products were searched using the Mintel product database from 1996 to 2023. The searched ingredients were (in alphabetical order): calcium carbonate, calcium phosphates, hydrated silica, sodium fluoride, sodium lauryl sulfate, triclosan, xylitol, and zinc salts as they are known from the scientific literature to be remineralizing or antibacterial\/antiplaque agents. It was shown that the number of patent applications containing these ingredients significantly increased since the 1970s. As these ingredients have remineralizing, antibacterial, or plaque-removing effects, they all can contribute to caries prevention. In conclusion, and within the limitations of this approach, this study shows that toothpaste formulations have greatly improved over the past decades by using various active anticaries ingredients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj12030064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T10:11:57Z","timestamp":1709547117000},"page":"64","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Prevention of Dental Caries: A Review on the Improvements of Toothpaste Formulations from 1900 to 2023"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6248-4440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Unterbrink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Dr. August Wolff GmbH & Co. KG Arzneimittel, Sudbrackstr. 56, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Schulze zur Wiesche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Dr. August Wolff GmbH & Co. KG Arzneimittel, Sudbrackstr. 56, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany"},{"name":"Research Department, Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Johanneswerkstr. 34\u201336, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0940-2458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederic","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Johanneswerkstr. 34\u201336, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Fandrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Johanneswerkstr. 34\u201336, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5097-4466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bennett T.","family":"Amaechi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8334-6423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim","family":"Enax","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Johanneswerkstr. 34\u201336, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Loveren, C. (2013). Toothpastes, Karger.","DOI":"10.1159\/isbn.978-3-318-02207-0"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, F., Schulze zur Wiesche, E., Bennett, A.T., Limeback, H., and Enax, J. (2024). Caries etiology and preventive measures. Eur. J. Dent., accepted for publication.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1777051"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Limeback, H. (2012). Comprehensive Preventive Dentistry, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118703762"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/0895937409335591","article-title":"The need for antibacterial approaches to improve caries control","volume":"21","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"Cd007868","article-title":"Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries","volume":"3","author":"Walsh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Limeback, H., Enax, J., and Meyer, F. (2023). Improving oral health with fluoride-free calcium-phosphate-based biomimetic toothpastes: An update of the clinical evidence. Biomimetics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics8040331"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.198344","article-title":"Xylitol in preventing dental caries: A systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"8","author":"Janakiram","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nat. Sci. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"116","article-title":"Die Charakterisierung von Putzk\u00f6rpern in Zahnpasten","volume":"73","author":"Enax","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dtsch. Zahn\u00e4rztl. Z."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2012.524","article-title":"Contemporary perspective on plaque control","volume":"212","author":"Marsh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gillam, D.G. (2015). Dentine Hypersensitivity: Advances in Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-14577-8"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2010.05.017","article-title":"Whitening toothpastes: A review of the literature","volume":"38","author":"Joiner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00099.x","article-title":"The history of oral hygiene products: How far have we come in 6000 years?","volume":"15","author":"Fischman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000350456","article-title":"An introduction to toothpaste\u2014Its purpose, history and ingredients","volume":"23","author":"Lippert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Monogr. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"352","article-title":"Dentifrices: An overview from past to present","volume":"3","author":"Madhuri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Segrave, K. (2010). America Brushes Up: The Use and Marketing of Toothpaste and Toothbrushes in the Twentieth Century, McFarland & Co: Jefferson, N.C."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Lidgey, C.R. (1914). Improvements in or Relating to Dentifrices. (GB191403034A), UK Patent."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43344","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43344","article-title":"A randomised clinical study to determine the effect of a toothpaste containing enzymes and proteins on plaque oral microbiome ecology","volume":"7","author":"Adams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Jordan, A.R., and Micheelis, W. (2016). F\u00fcnfte Deutsche Mundgesundheitsstudie (DMS V), Deutscher Zahn\u00e4rzte Verlag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3130","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3773(20020902)41:17<3130::AID-ANIE3130>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Biological and medical significance of calcium phosphates","volume":"41","author":"Dorozhkin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harks, I., Jockel-Schneider, Y., Schlagenhauf, U., May, T.W., Gravemeier, M., Prior, K., Petersilka, G., and Ehmke, B. (2016). Impact of the daily use of a microcrystal hydroxyapatite dentifrice on de novo plaque formation and clinical\/microbiological parameters of periodontal health. A randomized trial. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160142"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2015.01.009","article-title":"Patent databases for innovation studies: A comparative analysis of USPTO, EPO, JPO and KIPO","volume":"92","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1139\/m95-133","article-title":"Antimicrobial actions of fluoride for oral bacteria","volume":"41","author":"Marquis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2147\/CCIDE.S55761","article-title":"The effect of xylitol on dental caries and oral flora","volume":"6","author":"Nayak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dent."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2011.03.008","article-title":"Enamel and dentine remineralization by nano-hydroxyapatite toothpastes","volume":"39","author":"Tschoppe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enax, J., Amaechi, B.T., Farah, R., Liu, J.A., Schulze zur Wiesche, E., and Meyer, F. (2023). Remineralization strategies for teeth with molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH): A literature review. Dent. J., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj11030080"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2017.03.013","article-title":"Efficacy of a mouthrinse based on hydroxyapatite to reduce initial bacterial colonisation in situ","volume":"80","author":"Kensche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Oral. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374970110042701","article-title":"Cleaning power and abrasivity of European toothpastes","volume":"11","author":"Wuelknitz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e238076","DOI":"10.20396\/bjos.v22i00.8668076","article-title":"Triclosan antimicrobial activity against dental-caries-related bacteria","volume":"22","author":"Farias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinicropi, M.S., Iacopetta, D., Ceramella, J., Catalano, A., Mariconda, A., Pellegrino, M., Saturnino, C., Longo, P., and Aquaro, S. (2022). Triclosan: A small molecule with controversial roles. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060735"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"U. S. Food and Drug Administeration (2024, January 10). 5 Things to Know about Triclosan, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/consumers\/consumer-updates\/5-things-know-about-triclosan."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2006.12.003","article-title":"Substantivity of zinc salts used as rinsing solutions and their effect on the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans","volume":"21","author":"Baca","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2003.tb00910.x","article-title":"The oral environment: The challenge for antimicrobials in oral care products","volume":"53","author":"Brading","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0939-6411(98)00060-5","article-title":"In vitro investigation of the liberation of fluoride ions from toothpaste compounds in a permeation model","volume":"47","author":"Eggert","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1996.tb00110.x","article-title":"The caries decline: A review of reviews","volume":"104","author":"Petersson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Fejerskov, O., and Kidd, E. (2009). Dental Caries: The Disease and Its Clinical Management, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s41894-017-0011-3","article-title":"Antimicrobials in caries prevention","volume":"1","author":"Eden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Dent. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-021-00675-4","article-title":"The use of hydroxyapatite toothpaste to prevent dental caries","volume":"110","author":"Enax","year":"2022","journal-title":"Odontology"}],"container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/12\/3\/64\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:09:06Z","timestamp":1760105346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/12\/3\/64"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["dj12030064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj12030064","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-6767"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-6767","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]}}}