{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T02:43:41Z","timestamp":1780454621019,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atypical swallowing has a high incidence in growing subjects. Orthopedic treatment with orthodontic appliances and speech therapy are the main approaches to this problem. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the changes in the dental arches induced by one year of treatment with the Froggy Mouth myofunctional appliance designed to correct atypical swallowing. In total, 16 patients with atypical swallowing were instructed to use the Froggy Mouth appliance. A digital intraoral impression was taken at baseline (T0). The Froggy Mouth appliance had to be used for 15 min\/day throughout the treatment period. At the end of the first year of treatment (T1), another impression was taken with the same intraoral scanner. Digital casts of the T0 and T1 impressions were obtained using software and the two casts were superimposed to record the following measurements: upper intercanine distance, upper arch diameter, upper arch width, overbite and overjet. The data were statistically analyzed (significance threshold: p &lt; 0.05). Student\u2019s t-test was used to compare pre- and post-treatment measurements. Linear regressions were performed to assess the influence of arch width on anterior and posterior diameters. A significant increase was found for the upper arch diameters (p &lt; 0.05), whereas no statistically significant difference was found for the incisor relationship (overjet\/overbite) (p &gt; 0.05). To date, the efficacy of this appliance has not been extensively studied. According to the present prospective study, the Froggy Mouth protocol could be a valuable method as a myofunctional therapy for atypical swallowing, but further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj12040096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T10:42:03Z","timestamp":1712227323000},"page":"96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of Froggy Mouth Appliance in Pediatric Patients with Atypical Swallowing: A Prospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2760-0124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Scribante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1690-4904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Pascadopoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4240-3209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Gandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Manzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 46100 Mantua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Fadani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3445-3289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Francesca","family":"Sfondrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1051\/orthodfr\/2016008","article-title":"From digit-sucking-cum-deglutition to deglutition in dentate subjects","volume":"87","author":"Fellus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthod. Fr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1051\/orthodfr\/200677105","article-title":"Tongue disfunction and abnormal development","volume":"77","author":"Fellus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Orthod. Fr."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"46","article-title":"Cephalometric traits in children and adolescents with and without atypical swallowing: A retrospective study","volume":"21","author":"Begnoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"209","article-title":"Atypical deglutition: Diagnosis and interceptive treatment. A clinical study","volume":"13","author":"Costacurta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"217","article-title":"Atypical swallowing: A review","volume":"63","author":"Maspero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Minerva Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-018-0206-4","article-title":"The effect of pacifier sucking on orofacial structures: A systematic literature review","volume":"19","author":"Schmid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caruso, S., Nota, A., Darvizeh, A., Severino, M., Gatto, R., and Tecco, S. (2019). Poor oral habits and malocclusions after usage of orthodontic pacifiers: An observational study on 3\u20135 years old children. BMC Pediatr., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1668-3"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05994-w","article-title":"The efficacy of myofunctional therapy in patients with atypical swallowing","volume":"277","author":"Begnoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2015.04.003","article-title":"Frenulectomy of the tongue and the influence of rehabilitation exercises on the sEMG activity of masticatory muscles","volume":"25","author":"Tecco","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-31802012000400006","article-title":"Cephalometric evaluation of the airway space and hyoid bone in children with normal and atypical deglutition: Correlation study","volume":"130","author":"Machado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Med. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e3282febd4b","article-title":"Clinical implications of respiratory-swallowing interactions","volume":"16","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2017.08.005","article-title":"Anatomical connections between the buccinator and the tendons of the temporalis","volume":"214","author":"Hur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Anat. Anat. Anzeiger."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2319\/042419-292.1","article-title":"Twenty-year follow-up of functional treatment with a bionator appliance: A retrospective dental cast analysis","volume":"90","author":"Jungbauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1179\/crn.2005.009","article-title":"Evaluation of cervical spine posture after functional therapy with FR-2: A longitudinal study","volume":"23","author":"Tecco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.2319\/031815-170.1","article-title":"Effects of palatal crib and bonded spurs in early treatment of anterior open bite: A prospective randomized clinical study","volume":"86","author":"Leite","year":"2016","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"170","article-title":"Longitudinal study on a rehabilitative model for correction of atypical swallowing","volume":"9","author":"Giuca","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1159\/000266155","article-title":"Myofunctional Therapy in Patients with Orofacial Dysfunctions Affecting Speech","volume":"44","author":"Bigenzahn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr. Logop."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"33","article-title":"Froggy mouth: A new myofunctional approach to atypical swallowing","volume":"20","author":"Manzini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-2049","article-title":"Intermolar and Intercanine width Changes among Class I and Class II Malocclusions Following Orthodontic Treatment","volume":"14","author":"Garg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"11","article-title":"Timing of early correction of mandibular hypoplasia in skeletal class II malocclusion: A review","volume":"47","author":"Huo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.2319\/012822-85.1","article-title":"Three-dimensional assessment of palatal area changes after posterior crossbite correction with tooth-borne and tooth bone-borne rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"92","author":"Malmvind","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.17796\/1053-4625-46.1.11","article-title":"Effects of Orthodontic Functional Appliances in Relation to Skeletal Maturation of Cervical Vertebrae In Class II Malocclusion","volume":"46","author":"Guinot","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.17796\/1053-4625-46.3.12","article-title":"Evidence of Association between MTRR and TNF-\u03b1 Gene Polymorphisms and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Children with Anterior Open Bite","volume":"46","author":"Teixeira","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Proffit, W.R., Fields, H.W., Larson, B.E., and Sarver, D.M. (2019). Contemporary Orthodontics, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"142","article-title":"Tongue rehabilitation through the froggy mouth device: Case series","volume":"34","author":"Manzini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quinzi, V., Nota, A., Caggiati, E., Saccomanno, S., Marzo, G., and Tecco, S. (2020). Short-Term Effects of a Myofunctional Appliance on Atypical Swallowing and Lip Strength: A Prospective Study. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082652"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"91","article-title":"Combined orthopedic-orthodontic treatments of adolescent skeletal open-bite with severe molar-incisor hypomineralization: A case report and literature review","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"286","article-title":"Open bite and atypical swallowing: Orthodontic treatment, speech therapy or both? A literature review","volume":"22","author":"Cenzato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"25","article-title":"Orofacial dysfunction screening examinations in children with sleep-disordered breathing symptoms","volume":"47","author":"Hoang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"3100360","article-title":"Orthodontic Fixed Retainer and Unwanted Movements of Lower Anterior Teeth: A Case Report","volume":"2022","author":"Sfondrini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Rep. Dent."}],"container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/12\/4\/96\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:23:29Z","timestamp":1760106209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/12\/4\/96"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["dj12040096"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj12040096","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-6767"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-6767","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]}}}