{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:06:27Z","timestamp":1760144787837,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to investigate whether toothbrushes with fluoride-infused bristles have any (re)mineralisation effects on bovine enamel. Bovine incisors (N = 160) were extracted, and the buccal side of the crown was cut into dimensions of ~5 mm \u00d7 5 mm with a low-speed saw. These specimens were randomly allocated into four groups: half (80 teeth) were stored in demineralising solution (DM), and the other half were stored in deionised water (DW) for 96 h. Then, they were brushed with a force of 2.0 \u00b1 0.1 N for five min with a manual toothbrush with either fluoride-infused (TF) or regular (TR) bristles. Microhardness (Vickers), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate the surfaces of the bovine enamel specimens before and after brushing. Two-way ANOVA was used to analyse the hardness data, and the pairwise comparison method was used to analyse the Ca\/P ratio, for each group at \u03b1 = 0.05. The results show that brushing with either of these toothbrushes increased the Vickers microhardness on DM and DW enamel (p &lt; 0.001), whereas hydroxyapatite was revealed in all groups by XRD. The DM samples showed a significant increase (p &lt; 0.05) in the Ca\/P ratios after brushing with TR and TF. Conversely, under DW conditions, these ratios decreased significantly after brushing. In terms of the F atomic%, TF increased significantly. SEM revealed mineral deposition in the DM groups after toothbrushing. To conclude, toothbrushing effectively induces the microhardness of sound and demineralised enamel, while fluoride-infused bristles might be able to retain fluoride on the enamel surface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj12050142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T03:35:55Z","timestamp":1715744155000},"page":"142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Enamel Remineralisation with a Novel Sodium Fluoride-Infused Bristle Toothbrush"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xiaotian","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300041, China"},{"name":"Dental Materials Science, Applied and Oral Science and Community Oral Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin 300041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun Lok Bryan","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Materials Science, Applied and Oral Science and Community Oral Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5765-0862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Materials Science, Applied and Oral Science and Community Oral Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7656-0678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jukka Pekka","family":"Matinlinna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Materials Science, Applied and Oral Science and Community Oral Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0698-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James K. H.","family":"Tsoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Materials Science, Applied and Oral Science and Community Oral Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"CD002278","article-title":"Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents","volume":"1","author":"Marinho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"133","article-title":"Evidence-based use of fluoride in contemporary pediatric dental practice","volume":"28","author":"Adair","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (2024, April 02). 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