{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:45:56Z","timestamp":1792111556867,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The primary goal of this investigation was to ascertain the efficacy of the CALM\u00ae motion artifact reduction algorithm in diminishing motion-induced blurriness in Cone Beam Computed Tomography [CBCT] images. The assessment was conducted through Fractal Dimension [FD] analysis of the trabecular bone. Methods and Materials: A desiccated human mandible was subjected to Planmeca ProMax 3D\u00ae scanning under eight distinct protocols, marked by variations in motion presence [at 5, 10, and 15 degrees] and the deployment of CALM\u00ae. In every scan, five distinct regions of interest [ROIs] were designated for FD analysis, meticulously avoiding tooth roots or cortical bone. The FD was computed employing the box-counting method with Image-J 1.53 software. Results: Our findings reveal that a 5-degree motion does not significantly disrupt FD analysis, while a 10-degree motion and beyond exhibit statistical differences and volatility among the sites and groups. A decreased FD value, signifying a less intricate or \u201crough\u201d bone structure, correlated with amplified motion blurriness. The utilization of CALM\u00ae software seemed to counteract this effect in some instances, reconciling FD values to those akin to the control groups. Nonetheless, CALM\u00ae\u2019s efficacy differed across sites and motion degrees. Interestingly, at one site, CALM\u00ae application in the absence of motion resulted in FD values considerably higher than all other groups. Conclusion: The study indicates that motion, particularly at 10 degrees or more, can considerably impact the FD analysis of trabecular bone in CBCT images. In some situations, the CALM\u00ae motion artifact reduction algorithm can alleviate this impact, though its effectiveness fluctuates depending on the site and degree of motion. This underscores the necessity of factoring in motion and the employment of artifact reduction algorithms during the interpretation of FD analysis outcomes in CBCT imaging. More research is necessary to refine the application of such algorithms and to comprehend their influence on different sites under varying motion degrees.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj12080262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T10:11:28Z","timestamp":1724062288000},"page":"262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Efficacy of the CALM\u00ae Algorithm in Reducing Motion-Induced Artifacts in CBCT Imaging: A Fractal Dimension Analysis of Trabecular Bone"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yahia H.","family":"Khubrani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Jazan University College of Dentistry, Jazan 82621, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8495-1708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassem","family":"Geha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rujuta A.","family":"Katkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taraneh","family":"Maghsoodi-Zahedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9525-7527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Z.","family":"Abdelkarim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2012.06.024","article-title":"Fractal Dimension and Mechanical Properties of Human Cortical Bone","volume":"35","author":"Quintana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. 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