{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:29:31Z","timestamp":1792682971501,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Polymerization shrinkage of composite resins affects the marginal closure of direct dental restorations. It is responsible for developing secondary caries and indirectly affects the survival rate of restorations. This study aims to investigate the null hypothesis, which states that there are no significant differences in the marginal microleakage of Class II restorations when examined in vitro using different dental adhesives, whether the restoration material used is a composite with glass fiber reinforcement or not. Methods: Class II cavities were prepared on both proximal surfaces of thirty-six extracted human molars. A single-component (Universal VivaPen) and a two-component (Futurabond DC) self-etch adhesive system were used for the restorations in the control group (Charisma Classic) and the experimental group (Charisma Classic with Interlig glass fiber strip). An oblique layering technique and a 40-s soft-start light-curing polymerization were used. After selective pre-isolation, the specimens were placed in a 0.2% methylene blue solution and incubated at 37 \u00b0C for 24 h. The teeth were sectioned in the mesiodistal direction, and two examiners examined and graded the extent of dye penetration. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Mann\u2013Whitney U and chi-square tests (p &lt; 0.05). Results: All the composite restorations reinforced with glass fiber showed significantly reduced dye infiltration compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.05). A significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) was also observed between the two adhesives. Conclusions: The null hypothesis was rejected. Glass fiber strips significantly reduced composite restoration microleakage regardless of the adhesive. The marginal fit of the restoration was also influenced by the adhesive system used.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj12120410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T10:08:53Z","timestamp":1734343733000},"page":"410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effect of Glass Fiber Reinforcement on Marginal Microleakage in Class II Composite Restorations: An In Vitro Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5689-0717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Csaba","family":"Dud\u00e1s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Em\u00e1nuel","family":"Kardos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3998-0638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melinda","family":"Sz\u00e9kely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Teeth and Dental Arches Morphology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"\u00c1d\u00e1m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5510-2635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsuzsanna","family":"Bardocz-Veres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Occlusology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Sz\u0151ll\u0151si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9824-0015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinga M\u00e1ria","family":"J\u00e1nosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9643-6383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernadette","family":"Kerekes-M\u00e1th\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Teeth and Dental Arches Morphology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrini, F., Paolone, G., Di Domenico, G.L., Pagani, N., and Gherlone, E.F. (2023). SEM Evaluation of the Marginal Accuracy of Zirconia, Lithium Disilicate, and Composite Single Crowns Created by CAD\/CAM Method: Comparative Analysis of Different Materials. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16062413"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1245","article-title":"A Review on Polymerization Shrinkage of Resin Composites","volume":"07","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mol. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1080\/23337931.2018.1457445","article-title":"An Overview of Development and Status of Fiber-Reinforced Composites as Dental and Medical Biomaterials","volume":"4","author":"Vallittu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater. Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"18","article-title":"The Clinical Applications of Fiber Reinforced Composites in All Specialties of Dentistry an Overview","volume":"5","author":"Tayab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1697453","article-title":"Sen Different Clinical Applications of Bondable Reinforcement Ribbond in Pediatric Dentistry","volume":"3","author":"Tuloglu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2020.01.007","article-title":"Effects of Fiber Reinforcement on Adaptation and Bond Strength of a Bulk-Fill Composite in Deep Preparations","volume":"36","author":"Sadr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.2341\/07-47","article-title":"Microleakage in Overflared Root Canals Restored with Different Fiber Reinforced Dowels","volume":"33","author":"Erkut","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"247","article-title":"The Effect of C-Factor and Flowable Resin or Fiber Use at the Interface on Microtensile Bond Strength to Dentin","volume":"8","author":"Belli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Dent."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e682","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.56625","article-title":"The Effect of Composite Resin Preheating on Marginal Adaptation of Class II Restorations","volume":"12","author":"Darabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2019.44.e41","article-title":"The Effect of Preheating Resin Composites on Surface Hardness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"44","author":"Elkaffas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Restor. Dent. Endod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1701922","article-title":"The Impact of Polymerization Technique and Glass-Fiber Reinforcement on the Flexural Properties of Denture Base Resin Material","volume":"14","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"125","article-title":"Reinforce Acrylic Resin with Different Kinds of Fibers After Breaking","volume":"8","author":"Raszewski","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2019.02.010","article-title":"A 3D Finite Element Analysis of Glass Fiber Reinforcement Designs on the Stress of an Implant-Supported Overdenture","volume":"121","author":"Berger","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1731587","article-title":"Survival Rates of Anterior-Region Resin-Bonded Fixed Dental Prostheses: An Integrative Review","volume":"15","author":"Mendes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103438","article-title":"Longevity of Immediate Rehabilitation with Direct Fiber Reinforced Composite Fixed Partial Dentures after up to 9 Years","volume":"100","author":"Perrin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.21608\/adjalexu.2017.57874","article-title":"Evaluation of the Efficacy of Fiber Glass Splinting for Fixation of Dento-Alveolar Fractures in Children","volume":"42","author":"Khidr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alex. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2341\/07-63","article-title":"Shear bond strength of self-etch adhesives to enamel with additional phosphoric acid etching","volume":"33","author":"Guhr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-0707.85805","article-title":"In vitro bonding effectiveness of self-etch adhesives with different application techniques: A microleakage and scanning electron microscopic study","volume":"14","author":"Nagpal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Conserv. Dent."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2005.04.001","article-title":"Bond strength of a mild self-etch adhesive with and without prior acid-etching","volume":"34","author":"Kanumilli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.2341\/06-86","article-title":"Gingival Microleakage of Class II Resin Composite Restorations with Fiber Inserts","volume":"32","author":"Eltanty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"506","article-title":"Anterior Composite Resin Restoration Preference Amog General Dental Practicioners in Penang Island, Malaysia","volume":"24","author":"Qian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Dent."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1590\/1679-775720130013","article-title":"Anterior Composite Restorations in Clinical Practice: Findings from a Survey with General Dental Practitioners","volume":"21","author":"Demarco","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2010.10.020","article-title":"Resin Composite\u2014State of the Art","volume":"27","author":"Ferracane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zubrzycki, J., Klepka, T., Marchewka, M., and Zubrzycki, R. (2023). Tests of Dental Properties of Composite Materials Containing Nanohybrid Filler. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16010348"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_632_20","article-title":"Assessment of Microhardness and Color Stability of Micro-Hybrid and Nano-Filled Composite Resins","volume":"24","author":"Barve","year":"2021","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"248","article-title":"In Vitro Examination of the Fracture Strength of 3 Different Fiber-Reinforced Composite and 1 All-Ceramic Posterior Inlay Fixed Partial Denture Systems","volume":"11","author":"Kolbeck","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"35","article-title":"Assessment of Microleakage in Class II Cavities Having Gingival Wall in Cementum Using Different Posterior Composites","volume":"6","author":"Narayana","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Int. Oral. Health."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.17219\/dmp\/99264","article-title":"Gingival Microleakage of Class II Bulk-Fill Composite Resin Restorations","volume":"55","author":"Behery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent. Med. Probl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tosco, V., Vitiello, F., Furlani, M., Gatto, M.L., Monterubbianesi, R., Giuliani, A., Orsini, G., and Putignano, A. (2021). Microleakage Analysis of Different Bulk-Filling Techniques for Class II Restorations: \u039c-CT, SEM and EDS Evaluations. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14010031"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2023.03.016","article-title":"The Effect of High-Irradiance Rapid Polymerization on Degree of Conversion, Monomer Elution, Polymerization Shrinkage and Porosity of Bulk-Fill Resin Composites","volume":"39","author":"Lempel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10015-1066","article-title":"Effect of Four Different Placement Techniques on Marginal Microleakage in Class II Composite Restorations: An in Vitro Study","volume":"2","author":"Nadig","year":"2011","journal-title":"World. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.2341\/19-217-L","article-title":"Effect of Layering Techniques on Polymerization Shrinkage Stress of High- And Low-Viscosity Bulk-Fill Resins","volume":"45","author":"Tsujimoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bardocz-Veres, Z., Mikl\u00f3s, M.L., Bir\u00f3, E.-K., K\u00e1ntor, \u00c9.A., K\u00e1ntor, J., Dud\u00e1s, C., and Kerekes-M\u00e1th\u00e9, B. (2024). New Perspectives in Overcoming Bulk-Fill Composite Polymerization Shrinkage: The Impact of Curing Mode and Layering. Dent. J., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj12060171"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"76","article-title":"Effect of Light Curing Modes on Polymerization Shrinkage and Marginal Integrity of Different Flowable Bulk-Fill Composites (in Vitro Study)","volume":"46","author":"Samir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alex. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042005","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1073\/4\/042005","article-title":"Marginal Microleakage of Composite Resin Restorations with Surface Sealant and Bonding Agent Application after Finishing and Polishing","volume":"1073","author":"Mariani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2018-160","article-title":"In Vitro Evaluation of Microleakage in Class II Composite Restorations: High-Viscosity Bulk-Fill vs. Conventional Composites","volume":"38","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torno, V., and Soares, P. (2023). Tribological Behavior and Wear Mechanisms of Dental Resin Composites with Different Polymeric Matrices. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 144.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2023.105962"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.656","article-title":"Comparison of Polymerization Shrinkage of a New Bulk-Fill Flowable Composite with Other Composites: An in Vitro Study","volume":"8","author":"Hamdollahpoor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"365","article-title":"Polymerization Shrinkage of Five Bulk-Fill Composite Resins in Comparison with a Conventional Composite Resin","volume":"15","author":"Abbasi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"362","article-title":"Comparing the Effect of Polymerization Shrinkage Between Bulk-Fill and Conventional Composite: A Systematic Review","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Anal. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"15","article-title":"Bulk-Fill Resin-Based Composites: Microleakage of Class II Restorations","volume":"2","author":"Webber","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Surg. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/1305-7456.126230","article-title":"Microleakage at Enamel and Dentin Margins with a Bulk Fills Flowable Resin","volume":"8","author":"Scotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Effect of Auto-Polymerizing, Photo-Polymerizing and Dual-Polymerizing Self-Etching Adhesive Systems on Shear Bond Strength and Nano-Leakage of Two Direct Resin Composite Core Materials: An in-Vitro Study","volume":"66","author":"Samar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Egypt. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-0707.209069","article-title":"The Effect of a Dentin Desensitizer on the Shear Bond Strength of Composite to Dentin Using Three Different Bonding Agents: An in Vitro Study","volume":"20","author":"Mushtaq","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Conserv. Dent."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"82","article-title":"Evaluation of Microshear Bond Strength of Different Generation of Bonding Adhesives Using Two Different Curing Modes-An In Vitro Study","volume":"8","author":"Johar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Med. Dent. Scie. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.53350\/pjmhs2023171452","article-title":"Comparison of Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets with Fifth and Eighth Generation Adhesive Systems","volume":"17","author":"Khalid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1080\/01694243.2015.1125722","article-title":"Effect of Adhesive Type and Composite Viscosity on the Dentin Bond Strength","volume":"30","author":"Barcellos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"43","article-title":"Multi-Mode Adhesives Performance and Success\/Retention Rates in NCCLs Restorations: Randomised Clinical Trial One-Year Report","volume":"6","author":"Domingues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomater. Investig. Dent."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0109-5641(02)00100-8","article-title":"Continuous-fiber preform reinforcement of dental resin composite restorations","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E9","DOI":"10.2341\/12-349-L","article-title":"Influence of Fiber Inserts, Type of Composite, and Gingival Margin Location on the Microleakage in Class II Resin Composite Restorations","volume":"39","author":"Dhingra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.21608\/ejhm.2020.68942","article-title":"Effect of Fiber Insertion on Cuspal Deflection and Microleakage of Resin Composite: An In Vitro Study","volume":"78","year":"2020","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Hosp. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.51847\/fnCa8ZEFDv","article-title":"Evaluation of Microleakage and Fatigue Behaviour of Several Fiber Application Techniques in Composite Restorations","volume":"10","author":"Tosun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Dent. Spec."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"90","article-title":"Microleakage of Posterior Composite Restorations with Fiber Inserts Using Two Adhesives after Aging","volume":"14","author":"Sharafeddin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dent. Shiraz. Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2022-006690","article-title":"Hierarchy of Evidence Within the Medical Literature","volume":"12","author":"Wallace","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hosp. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Escobar, L.B., Pereira da Silva, L., and Manarte-Monteiro, P. (2023). Fracture Resistance of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Restorations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15183802"}],"container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/12\/12\/410\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:53:06Z","timestamp":1760115186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/12\/12\/410"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["dj12120410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj12120410","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-6767"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-6767","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]}}}