{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T04:53:56Z","timestamp":1782363236335,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This study aims to investigate the mechanical behavior of titanium (Ti6Al4V) mini-implants (MIs) under varying orthodontic forces using finite element analysis (FEA) and to evaluate their performance and durability under realistic clinical conditions. Optimal orthodontic forces significantly influence the structural integrity and functional longevity of MIs while minimizing adverse effects on surrounding bone tissues. Materials and\u00a0Methods: A commercially available MI (diameter: 2.0 mm, length: 12 mm) was modeled using FEA. The mandible geometry was obtained using computed tomography (CT) scanning, reconstructed in 3D using SpaceClaim software 2023.1, and discretized into 10-node tetrahedral elements in ANSYS Workbench. Material properties were assigned based on the existing literature, and the implant\u2013bone interaction was simulated using a nonlinear frictional contact model. Orthodontic forces of 2 N and 10 N, inclined at 30\u00b0, were applied to simulate clinical loading conditions. Total displacement, von Mises stresses, equivalent strains, fatigue life, and safety factors were analyzed to assess the implant\u2019s mechanical performance. Results: At 2 N, the MI demonstrated minimal displacement (0.0328 mm) and sustained approximately 445,000 cycles under safe fatigue loading conditions, with a safety factor of 4.8369. At 10 N, the implant\u2019s lifespan was drastically reduced to 1546 cycles, with significantly elevated stress (6.468 \u00d7 105 MPa) and strain concentrations, indicating heightened risks of mechanical failure and bone damage. The findings revealed the critical threshold beyond which orthodontic forces compromise implant stability and peri-implant bone health. Conclusions: This study confirms that maintaining orthodontic forces within an optimal range, approximately 2 N, is essential to prolong MI lifespan and preserve bone integrity. Excessive forces, such as 10 N, lead to a rapid decline in durability and increased risks of failure, emphasizing the need for calibrated force application in clinical practice. These insights provide valuable guidance for enhancing MI performance and optimizing orthodontic treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13020071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T05:50:36Z","timestamp":1738734636000},"page":"71","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Balancing the Load: How Optimal Forces Shape the Longevity and Stability of Orthodontic Mini-Implants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8042-2424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tinela","family":"Panaite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGrigore. T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Savin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGrigore. T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolae Daniel","family":"Olteanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGrigore. T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian Liviu","family":"Romanec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGrigore. T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2564-3884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca-Maria","family":"Vieriu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGrigore. T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7712-1319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina","family":"Balcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGrigore. T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Chehab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGrigore. T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7861-473X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina Nicoleta","family":"Zetu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGrigore. T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"285","article-title":"Factors affecting success and failure of orthodontic mini-implants: A retrospective review","volume":"30","author":"Malik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prof. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2321345","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.28.2.e2321345.oar","article-title":"Survival rate and stability of surface-treated and non-surface-treated orthodontic mini-implants: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"28","author":"Ravi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dent. Press. J. 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Biomech."}],"container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/13\/2\/71\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:26:55Z","timestamp":1760027215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/13\/2\/71"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["dj13020071"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj13020071","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-6767"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-6767","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]}}}