{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:04:13Z","timestamp":1790139853177,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]],"date-time":"2025-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization, CNCS\u2013UEFISCDI","award":["PN-III-P4-PCE-2021-1140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P4-PCE-2021-1140"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The objective of this review is to establish a solid base of information regarding the use of proteolytic enzymes to replace hydrogen peroxide\/carbamide in teeth whitening products. The use of proteolytic enzymes, such as bromelain and papain, can provide surprising results for solving two important aspects related to dental aesthetics: tooth whitening and the chemo-mechanical removal of damaged dental tissue. Due to their ability to degrade salivary proteins, these enzymes can be used successfully as active agents in tooth whitening and in the atraumatic treatment of caries without being accompanied by other side effects on dental components. Methods: Random-effects meta-analyses were performed with enzymes (bromelain, papain) used in dentistry. A keyword search of scientific publications was conducted using the Google Academic, Web of Science and PubMed search engines. Results: The results were systematized in the present work in two parts: bromelain and papain effects in tooth whitening and chemo-mechanical\/atraumatic removal of damaged dental tissues. Conclusions: The findings from different studies and clinical reports indicate that bromelain and papain could be considered efficient and safe therapeutic agents not only in various medical conditions but also in dental problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13030132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T04:29:28Z","timestamp":1742185768000},"page":"132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of Bromelain and Papain in Tooth Whitening and Caries Removal: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9812-695X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanca","family":"Cuc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymeric Composites, \u201cRaluca Ripan\u201d Institute of Chemistry, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amalia","family":"Moldovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics and Chemistry Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28 Memorandumului Str., 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9714-4809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marioara","family":"Moldovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymeric Composites, \u201cRaluca Ripan\u201d Institute of Chemistry, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2960-9832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Codruta","family":"Sarosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymeric Composites, \u201cRaluca Ripan\u201d Institute of Chemistry, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4209-9884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Smaranda","family":"Buduru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Materials, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5706-322X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Bacali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Materials, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doina","family":"Prodan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymeric Composites, \u201cRaluca Ripan\u201d Institute of Chemistry, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viorica","family":"Lazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Vasile Goldis University of Medicine, 310048 Arad, Romania"},{"name":"Pediatric Clinic II, Clinical Hospital Emergency of Arad County, 310037 Arad, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6210-5014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sorin Claudiu","family":"Man","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Paediat 3, Mother & Child Department, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2-4 Campeni Str., 400217 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12690","article-title":"In vitro efficacy of commercial and experimental proteolytic enzyme-based whitening dentifrices on enamel whitening and superficial roughness","volume":"33","author":"Schwarzbold","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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