{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:17:03Z","timestamp":1791944223205,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Prophylactic polishing pastes (PPPs) are widely used to clean teeth and dental restorations; however, their effects on restorative materials are crucial for clinical outcomes. This study investigates the impact of PPPs on the susceptibility of CAD\/CAM restorative materials to staining and the relationship between surface roughness and discoloration. Methods: Samples of tested materials (resin nanoceramic, hybrid ceramic, feldspathic ceramic, and lithium disilicate-reinforced glass ceramic) were treated with various PPPs (Cleanic, CleanJoy, Detartrine, Proxyt). Surface roughness and color parameters were recorded before and after the PPP application and following coffee immersion for 12 days. Initial measurements of surface roughness (Ra1) and color were taken. The specimens were divided into groups based on the PPP applied. After PPP application, secondary roughness (Ra2) and color values were measured. Changes in roughness (\u0394Ra), color (\u0394E*ab, \u0394E00), and whiteness index (\u0394WID) were calculated post-application and after coffee immersion. Data normality was tested with the Shapiro\u2013Wilks test. Two-way ANOVA evaluated the effects of material type and PPP on \u0394E, \u0394WID, and \u0394Ra. One-way ANOVA, Tukey HDS test, and Pearson correlation were used for further analysis, with significance set at p &lt; 0.05. Results: The Vita Enamic\u2013Detartrine group showed the highest \u0394Eab 1 and \u0394E001 values, while Cerasmart\u2013control showed the lowest. The Vita Enamic\u2013Proxyt group had the lowest \u0394WID1, and Vita Enamic\u2013Cleanjoy exhibited the highest values of \u0394Eab 2, \u0394E002, and \u0394WID2. The E.MAX\u2013control group had the lowest values for these metrics. No significant correlation was found between \u0394Ra and color changes (\u0394E*ab 2, \u0394E002, \u0394WID2); however, a moderate positive correlation was found between values of \u0394E1 and \u0394E2. Conclusions: These findings indicate that PPPs significantly affect the discoloration and surface features of CAD\/CAM materials, with both types of PPPs and materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13050212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T04:39:16Z","timestamp":1747283956000},"page":"212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Impact of Prophylactic Polishing Pastes on the Surface Roughness, Color, and Stain Resistance of CAD\/CAM Restorative Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Betul","family":"Arkan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34250, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ipek","family":"Iscan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34214, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neslihan","family":"Tinastepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Uskudar University, Istanbul 34768, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2015.02.015","article-title":"Colour parameters and shade correspondence of CAD-CAM ceramic systems","volume":"43","author":"Bona","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colombo, M., Poggio, C., Lasagna, A., Chiesa, M., and Scribante, A. (2019). Vickers micro-hardness of new restorative CAD\/CAM dental materials: Evaluation and comparison after exposure to acidic drink. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12081246"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2016.11.014","article-title":"Reliability and mode of failure of bonded monolithic and multilayer ceramics","volume":"33","author":"Alessandretti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12604","article-title":"Effect of home and over the contour bleaching on stainability of CAD\/CAM esthetic restorative materials","volume":"33","author":"Tinastepe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Esthet. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(13)60333-9","article-title":"Translucency of dental ceramics with different thicknesses","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-018-2440-z","article-title":"Nine prophylactic polishing pastes: Impact on discoloration, gloss, and surface properties of a CAD\/CAM resin composite","volume":"23","author":"Liebermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"50","article-title":"Effect of prophylactic polishing protocols on the surface roughness of esthetic restorative materials","volume":"27","author":"Neme","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-0762.167723","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of plaque-removing efficacy of air polishing and rubber-cup, bristle brush with paste polishing on oral hygiene status: A clinical study","volume":"5","author":"Patil","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Prev. Community Dent."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"962764","article-title":"The effect of prophylactic polishing pastes on surface roughness of indirect restorative materials","volume":"2014","author":"Malkondu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"53","article-title":"Self-adjusting abrasiveness: A new technology for prophylaxis pastes","volume":"24","author":"Lutz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"169","article-title":"Surface finish produced on resin composites by new polishing systems","volume":"30","author":"Setcos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2015.10.015","article-title":"Visual and instrumental shade matching using CIELAB and CIEDE2000 color difference formulas","volume":"32","author":"Pecho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2015.12.008","article-title":"Development of a customized whiteness index for dentistry based on CIELAB color space","volume":"32","author":"Ghinea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12465","article-title":"Acceptability and perceptibility thresholds in dentistry: A comprehensive review of clinical and research applications","volume":"31","author":"Paravina","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Esthet. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1698924","article-title":"Influence of a prophylaxis paste on surface roughness of different composites, porcelain, enamel and dentin surfaces","volume":"6","author":"Yurdaguven","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"e31","article-title":"The effect of prophylactic powders on the surface roughness of enamel","volume":"35","author":"Fratolin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compend. Contin. Educ. Dent."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.11607\/prd.1155","article-title":"Effect of prophylactic polishing pastes on roughness and translucency of lithium disilicate ceramic","volume":"34","author":"Monaco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Periodontics Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2020.05.040","article-title":"In vitro 2D and 3D roughness and spectrophotometric and gloss analyses of ceramic materials after polishing with different prophylactic pastes","volume":"124","author":"Monaco","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2019.08.005","article-title":"An in vitro evaluation of the effect of polishing on the stainability of different CAD\/CAM ceramic materials","volume":"32","author":"AlMawash","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"CIE (2004). Colorimetry. Report No.: CIE Pub. No. 15, CIE Central Bureau."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"159","article-title":"Lava ultimate resin nano ceramic for CAD\/CAM: Customization case study","volume":"15","author":"Koller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Dent."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2015-177","article-title":"Surface roughness and gloss of current CAD\/CAM resin composites before and after toothbrush abrasion","volume":"34","author":"Koizumi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2017.09.019","article-title":"Optical behaviors of esthetic CAD-CAM restorations after different surface finishing and polishing procedures and UV aging: An in vitro study","volume":"120","author":"Kilinc","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2002.00896.x","article-title":"The effect of bleaching agents on the microhardness of dental aesthetic restorative materials","volume":"29","author":"Turker","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(03)00105-7","article-title":"Effect of three bleaching agents on the surface properties of three different esthetic restorative materials","volume":"89","author":"Turker","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2014.02.019","article-title":"Characterization of a polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network material","volume":"30","author":"Bona","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2015.06.014","article-title":"Color stainability of CAD\/CAM and nanocomposite resin materials","volume":"115","author":"Acar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2019.01.009","article-title":"Discoloration and translucency changes of CAD-CAM materials after exposure to beverages","volume":"122","author":"Bilgili","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"40","article-title":"Gloss and stain resistance of ceramic-polymer CAD\/CAM restorative blocks","volume":"28","author":"Lawson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Esthet. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13019","article-title":"Color Stability of CAD\/CAM Ceramics Prepared with Different Surface Finishing Procedures","volume":"29","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e932745","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.932745","article-title":"Assessment of Color Stainability of Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD\/CAM) Ceramic Materials After Hot and Cold Coffee Immersion at Different Time Intervals","volume":"27","author":"Adawi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"466","article-title":"Effects of pastefree prophylaxis polishing cup and various prophylaxis polishing pastes on tooth enamel and restorative materials","volume":"59","author":"Covey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gen. Dent."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4103\/jorr.jorr_14_22","article-title":"The effect of prophylaxis paste and air-powder polishing on color stability and surface roughness of different composite resins","volume":"15","author":"Kuzu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Oral Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2013.09.028","article-title":"Correlation of surface texture with the stainability of ceramics","volume":"112","author":"Kursoglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2010.07.008","article-title":"Color difference thresholds in dental ceramics","volume":"38","author":"Ghinea","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2004.09.005","article-title":"Comparison of CIELAB DeltaE* and CIEDE2000 color-differences after polymerization and thermocycling of resin composites","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"56","article-title":"The effect of coffee on the color stability of dental restorative materials","volume":"22","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dent. Mater."}],"container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/13\/5\/212\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:32:53Z","timestamp":1760031173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/13\/5\/212"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["dj13050212"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj13050212","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-6767"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-6767","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]}}}