{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T18:56:30Z","timestamp":1784314590964,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This study aimed to compare the clinical durability, mechanical performance, and stress behavior of three NiTi rotary systems\u2014BlueShaper (Blue), BlueShaper Pro (Dual Wire), and BlueShaper Gold (fully gold-treated NiTi)\u2014through a multimodal evaluation that included simulated instrumentation in 3D-printed replicas, mechanical testing, and finite element analysis (FEA). Methods: Sixty instruments (n = 20 per group) were tested. Simulated canal preparation was conducted in standardized 3D-printed mandibular molars with a 40\u00b0 mesial root curvature until fracture occurred. Mechanical tests included torsional and flexural loading using a universal testing machine and stainless steel blocks with a standardized 40\u00b0 curvature. FEA simulations evaluated von Mises stress, shear stress, total deformation, cyclic fatigue behavior, and contact pressure between the instrument and canal wall. Results: BlueShaper Gold prepared an average of 7.5 canals before fracture, followed by BlueShaper Pro (5.67 canals) and Blue (5.00 canals) (p &lt; 0.001). Gold exhibited the highest torsional resistance (6.08 \u00b1 3.08 N) and the longest fatigue life (325 \u00b1 55.7 cycles), with the lowest von Mises stress and damage factor in FEA. BlueShaper Pro showed the longest time to fracture in mechanical testing (73.85 \u00b1 7.10 s) and balanced mechanical behavior. Blue demonstrated the lowest performance across most parameters, including the shortest fatigue life and highest stress concentration. Conclusions: BlueShaper Gold exhibited the highest mechanical strength and fatigue resistance. BlueShaper Pro demonstrated the longest fatigue life and balanced mechanical behavior. Blue showed the lowest performance across most parameters. The strong correlation among clinical, mechanical, and FEA data reinforces the critical role of alloy composition in determining instrument durability, even when design remains constant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13080368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T08:39:07Z","timestamp":1755247147000},"page":"368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Multimodal Evaluation of Three NiTi Rotary Systems: Clinical Simulation, Mechanical Testing, and Finite Element Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2429-9226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesus A.","family":"Aparicio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Endodontics Program, School of Dentistry, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil (UCSG), Guayaquil 090615, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1128-2051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Mendez S","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surpreendente Research Group, 4400-239 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5968-6471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Malvicini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Grandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Gaeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4389-9329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Garc\u00eda Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Endodontics Program, School of Dentistry, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil (UCSG), Guayaquil 090615, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristel Lidice","family":"Miranda Robles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Endodontics Program, School of Dentistry, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil (UCSG), Guayaquil 090615, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6115-6864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Aranguren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6925-5939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro R.","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surpreendente Research Group, 4400-239 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12924","article-title":"New thermomechanically treated NiTi alloys\u2014A review","volume":"51","author":"Zupanc","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.4103\/1305-7456.195171","article-title":"Assessment of the role of cross section on fatigue resistance of rotary files when used in reciprocation","volume":"10","author":"Sekar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.06.019","article-title":"Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Reciproc, WaveOne, and WaveOne Gold Nickel-Titanium Instruments","volume":"42","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13529","article-title":"Design, metallurgical features, mechanical performance and canal preparation of six reciprocating instruments","volume":"54","author":"Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, P., Vidi, B., Mena-Alvarez, J., Gil, J., Rico, C., and Aragoneses, J.M. (2023). Effect of Stabilized Martensite on the Long-Term Performance of Superelastic NiTi Endodontic Files. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16114089"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greco, K., Paolone, G., Cicero, G., Tet\u00e8, G., Cantile, N., Sberna, M.T., Saladino, T., Gherlone, E.F., and Cantatore, G. (2024). Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Four Heat-Treated Nickel-Titanium Files in Severely Curved Simulated Canals: An In Vitro Study. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13195739"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2012.11.005","article-title":"Current challenges and concepts of the thermomechanical treatment of nickel-titanium instruments","volume":"39","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faus-Ll\u00e1cer, V., Kharrat, N.H., Ruiz-S\u00e1nchez, C., Faus-Matoses, I., Zubizarreta-Macho, \u00c1., and Faus-Matoses, V. (2021). The Effect of Taper and Apical Diameter on the Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Rotary Endodontic Files Using an Experimental Electronic Device. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11020863"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seracchiani, M., Di Nardo, D., Gambarini, G., Mazzoni, A., Zanza, A., Giudice, A., D\u2019ANgelo, M., and Testarelli, L. (2020). Influence of different cross-section on cyclic fatigue resistance of two nickel\u2013titanium rotary instruments with same heat treatment: An in vitro study. Saudi Endod. J., 10.","DOI":"10.4103\/sej.sej_124_19"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-04899-2","article-title":"Design, metallurgy, mechanical properties, and shaping ability of 3 heat-treated reciprocating systems: A multimethod investigation","volume":"27","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2015.10.004","article-title":"Torsional and Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of a New Nickel-Titanium Instrument Manufactured by Electrical Discharge Machining","volume":"42","author":"Savio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2019.10.003","article-title":"Bending resistance and cyclic fatigue resistance of WaveOne Gold, Reciproc Blue, and HyFlex EDM instruments","volume":"15","author":"Oh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.14047","article-title":"Multimethod analysis of large- and low-tapered single file reciprocating instruments: Design, metallurgy, mechanical performance, and irrigation flow","volume":"57","author":"Silva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos, M.S., Aranguren, J., Malvicini, G., De Gregorio, C., Bonilla, C., and Perez, A.R. (2025). Temperature-Dependent Effects on Cyclic Fatigue Resistance in Three Reciprocating Endodontic Systems: An In Vitro Study. Materials, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18050952"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"27","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of the cyclic fatigue resistance of R-Motion\u00ae in comparison to two competitive systems: An in vitro study based on a case report","volume":"16","author":"Jordy","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Osseointegration Oral Rehabil. Abbr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2021.04.017","article-title":"A Paradigm Shift for Torsional Stiffness of Nickel-Titanium Rotary Instruments: A Finite Element Analysis","volume":"47","author":"Zanza","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/aej.12892","article-title":"Dynamic analysis of a NiTi rotary file by using finite element analysis: Effect of cross-section and pitch length","volume":"50","author":"Keskin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aust. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chien, P.Y., Walsh, L.J., and Peters, O.A. (2021). Finite element analysis of rotary nickel-titanium endodontic instruments: A critical review of the methodology. Eur. J. Oral Sci., 129.","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12802"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1977","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_393_24","article-title":"Applications of Finite Element Analysis in Endodontics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Abdelhafeez","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.14744\/eej.2023.69672","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Stress Distribution Against the Root Canal Wall at Three Different Levels by Using TruNatomy, XP-endo Shaper, F360, and 2Shape Files\u2014A Finite Element Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiscare\u00f1o, A., Ortolani-Seltenerich, P.S., Ram\u00edrez-Mu\u00f1oz, A., P\u00e9rez-Ron, O., Mendez, S.P.M., Leal-Moya, C., Malvicini, G., Vieira, G.C.S., and P\u00e9rez, A.R. (2025). Minimally Invasive Root Canal Cleaning: Evaluating Supplementary Irrigation Techniques. Dent. J., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13050192"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medina-Gil, M., Mart\u00edn-D\u00edaz, A., Navarrete, N., Aranguren, J., Ortolani-Seltenerich, P.S., Malvicini, G., Vieira, G.C.S., and P\u00e9rez, A.R. (2025). Micro-Computed Tomography Analysis of Reciprocating Systems in Three-Dimensional Models of Mandibular Premolars with Two Canals. Dent. J., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13040175"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-L\u00f3pez, E., C\u00f3rdova-Saucedo, K.J., Ram\u00edrez-Salom\u00f3n, M., Vega-Lizama, E., Ortolani-Seltenerich, P.S., Malvicini, G., Vieira, G.C.S., and P\u00e9rez, A.R. (2025). The effect of supplementary methods on root canal cleaning: A study using 3D-printed mandibular molar models. Odontology.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-025-01116-2"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Mu\u00f1oz, A., Escribano-Capdevila, M., Navarrete, N., Vieira, G.C.S., Salamanca-Ramos, M., Ortolani-Seltenerich, P.S., Aranguren, J., and P\u00e9rez, A.R. (2024). Comparative Micro-CT Analysis of Minimally Invasive Endodontic Systems Using 3D-Printed Replicas and Natural Teeth. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17215279"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, J.N.R., Silva, E.J.N.L., Marques, D., Baruwa, A.O., Caram\u00eas, J., Fernandes, F.M.B., and Versiani, M.A. (2023). Unveiling the Performance of Nickel-Titanium Endodontic Instruments through Multimethod Research: A Review. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13127048"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.19-0331","article-title":"Phase transformation behaviors and mechanical properties of NiTi endodontic files after gold heat treatment and blue heat treatment","volume":"63","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-S\u00e1nchez, C., Faus-Ll\u00e1cer, V., Faus-Matoses, I., Zubizarreta-Macho, \u00c1., Sauro, S., and Faus-Matoses, V. (2020). The Influence of NiTi Alloy on the Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Endodontic Files. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113755"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.2341\/18-229-L","article-title":"3D Printing in Dentistry\u2014State of the Art","volume":"45","author":"Kessler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12964","article-title":"3D printed replicas for endodontic education","volume":"52","author":"Reymus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/aej.12067","article-title":"Comparison of cyclic fatigue resistance of novel nickel-titanium rotary instruments","volume":"41","author":"Capar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2009.06.015","article-title":"A review of cyclic fatigue testing of nickel-titanium rotary instruments","volume":"35","author":"Plotino","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.34172\/joddd.2021.029","article-title":"A comparative investigation between ProTaper Next, Hyflex CM, 2Shape, and TF-Adaptive file systems concerning cyclic fatigue resistance","volume":"15","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res. Dent. Clin. Dent. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.03.010","article-title":"In Vitro Comparison of Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of ProTaper Next, HyFlex CM, OneShape, and ProTaper Universal Instruments in a Canal with a Double Curvature","volume":"42","author":"Akti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismail, A.G., Galal, M., and Roshdy, N.N. (2020). Assessment of cyclic fatigue resistance of Protaper Next and WaveOne Gold in different kinematics. Bull. Natl. Res. Cent., 44.","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-020-00421-w"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2010.02.016","article-title":"Dynamic torsional resistance of nickel-titanium rotary instruments","volume":"36","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-020-00377-x","article-title":"Evaluation of stress distribution in nickel-titanium rotary instruments with different geometrical designs subjected to bending and torsional load: A finite element study","volume":"44","author":"Galal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Natl. Res. Cent."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bapna, P., Ali, A., Makandar, S.D., Ghani, N.R.N.A., and Metgud, S. (2023). Comparative Evaluation of Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Teeth Instrumented With K3XF Rotary Files Using Different Tapers. Cureus, 15.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.34247"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2023.02.009","article-title":"Taper 0.06 Versus Taper 0.04: The Impact on the Danger Zone","volume":"49","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prati, C., Tribst, J.P.M., Piva, A.M.d.O.D., Borges, A.L.S., Ventre, M., Zamparini, F., and Ausiello, P. (2021). 3D Finite Element Analysis of Rotary Instruments in Root Canal Dentine with Different Elastic Moduli. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11062547"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4477.2010.00290.x","article-title":"Evaluation of cyclic flexural fatigue resistance of 25\/0.04 and 25\/0.06 twisted file rotary nickel-titanium endodontic instruments","volume":"39","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7elik, G., Maden, M., Savgat, A., and Orhan, H. (2018). Shaping ability of the profile 25\/0.06 and protaper F2 in rotary motion, and reciproc in simulated canals. PeerJ, 6.","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6109"}],"container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/13\/8\/368\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:28:06Z","timestamp":1760034486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/13\/8\/368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["dj13080368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj13080368","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-6767"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-6767","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]}}}