{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:36:30Z","timestamp":1760060190908,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Development Agency","award":["G-CO-ITAP-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G-CO-ITAP-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study evaluates the effectiveness of a toothpaste containing Java Tea and Little Ironweed in alleviating tooth sensitivity compared to a conventional potassium nitrate toothpaste. Methods: A total of 90 healthy patients aged 18\u201370 with up to two teeth exhibiting gingival recession were recruited into this study. All selected teeth had a visual analog scale (VAS) score \u2265 4 in response to tactile or air blast stimuli. Excluded teeth included those requiring restoration or participants undergoing treatments affecting sensitivity or taking pain medication\/anti-sensitivity agents. Participants were randomly divided into three groups and instructed to brush twice daily with different toothpastes. The S1 group was prescribed toothpaste containing Java Tea and Little Ironweed extract, the S2 group was prescribed toothpaste containing Java Tea and Little Ironweed extract with 0.7% potassium nitrate, and the S3 group was prescribed toothpaste containing potassium nitrate. VAS scores were recorded at baseline, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks. Data were then compared and statistically analyzed between the groups. Results: For the tactile test, the final number of included teeth was 47 in the S1 group, 46 in the S2 group, and 22 in the S3 group. For the air blast test, the number of teeth included was 38 in the S1 group, 30 in the S2 group, and 27 in the S3 group. At baseline, mean VAS scores were comparable across groups for both tactile (S1: 6.89 \u00b1 0.98; S2: 6.65 \u00b1 1.52; S3: 6.82 \u00b1 1.99) and air blast tests (S1: 7.39 \u00b1 1.15; S2: 7.53 \u00b1 1.31; S3: 6.89 \u00b1 2.12). All groups showed significant reductions in VAS scores from baseline at both 2 and 4 weeks. A Kruskal\u2013Wallis test indicated significant between-group differences in VAS scores at 2 and 4 weeks (p = 0.001). Post hoc analysis (Dunn\u2019s test with Bonferroni correction) at 2 weeks revealed that the S1 group had significantly higher VAS scores than those of S2 (tactile p = 0.001, air blast p = 0.001) and S3 (tactile p = 0.002, air blast p = 0.018). By 4 weeks, the S2 group demonstrated superior efficacy, with significantly lower VAS scores compared to those of S1 (tactile p &lt; 0.001, air blast p = 0.030) and S3 (tactile p = 0.035, air blast p = 0.001). Conclusions: All tested toothpastes effectively reduced dentin hypersensitivity over the study period. Potassium nitrate toothpaste provided more rapid initial relief, when compared to the herbal formulation alone; however, both achieved similar outcomes by 4 weeks. The herbal toothpaste supplemented with potassium nitrate demonstrated superior efficacy and may offer a promising natural alternative for managing dentin hypersensitivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13080369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T10:33:42Z","timestamp":1755254022000},"page":"369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of Herbal and Potassium Nitrate Toothpastes in Managing Dentin Hypersensitivity: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"La-ongthong","family":"Vajrabhaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dental Medicine, Rangsit University, Pathumthani 12000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5669-8952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Supranee","family":"Benjasupattananan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dental Medicine, Rangsit University, Pathumthani 12000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1467-8974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kraisorn","family":"Sappayatosok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dental Medicine, Rangsit University, Pathumthani 12000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9349-4817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Papatpong","family":"Sirikururat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dental Medicine, Rangsit University, Pathumthani 12000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suwanna","family":"Korsuwannawong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Office, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0358-8757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittawin","family":"Dechosilpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dental Medicine, Rangsit University, Pathumthani 12000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.12.015","article-title":"Prevalence of dentin hypersensitivity: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"Zeola","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-012-0887-x","article-title":"Dentin hypersensitivity: Pain mechanisms and aetiology of exposed cervical dentin","volume":"17","author":"West","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m, M. (1963). Sensory Mechanisms in Dentine, Pergamon Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034513487212","article-title":"Lasers for the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity: A meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Sgolastra","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.4103\/jisp.jisp_233_22","article-title":"ISP Good Clinical Practice Recommendations for the management of Dentin Hypersensitivity","volume":"26","author":"Grover","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(86)80203-5","article-title":"Hypersensitive teeth: Desensitization of pulpal sensory nerves","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1984.55.9.522","article-title":"Dentin permeability. Effects of desensitizing dentifrices in vitro","volume":"55","author":"Pashley","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12109","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of a herbal dentifrice on dentinal hypersensitivity: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"58","author":"Kumari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.18231\/j.ijohd.2020.024","article-title":"Dentinal tubule occluding effect of a herbal toothpaste\u2014An in vitro scanning electron microscopy analysis","volume":"6","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Health Dent."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.IJDR_400_18","article-title":"Treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity using propolis varnish: A scanning electron microscope study","volume":"30","author":"Kripal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian. J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.11.014","article-title":"Effects of Propolis-Based Herbal Toothpaste on Dentine Hypersensitivity","volume":"74","author":"Naghsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"189","article-title":"Chemical Specification of Orthosiphon aristatus [Blume] Miq","volume":"44","author":"Pattamadilok","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"11","article-title":"Potassium salts and succinic acid from Vernonia cinerea Less. [F. Compositae]","volume":"4","author":"Lhieochaiphant","year":"1985","journal-title":"Chiangmai Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-8532(22)01130-2","article-title":"Hypersensitive teeth. Experimental studies of dentinal desensitizing agents","volume":"34","author":"Markowitz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.jispcd_67_23","article-title":"Little Ironweed and Java Tea in Herbal Toothpaste Reduced Dentine Permeability: An In Vitro Study","volume":"14","author":"Vajrabhaya","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Prev. Community Dent."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10015-1681","article-title":"Desensitizing Efficacy of a Herbal Toothpaste: A Clinical Study","volume":"10","author":"Vajrabhaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"ZC06","article-title":"Dentinal Tubule Occluding Effect of Potassium Nitrate in Varied Forms, Frequencies and Duration: An In Vitro SEM Analysis","volume":"11","author":"James","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCDR"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104433","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of self-administered dentifrices for the management of dentine hypersensitivity\u2014A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"130","author":"Pollard","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12347","article-title":"Desensitizing toothpaste versus placebo for dentin hypersensitivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Bae","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1994.tb00307.x","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of a potassium nitrate dentifrice for the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity","volume":"21","author":"Nagata","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1996.67.8.737","article-title":"Comparison of 2 desensitizing dentifrices with a commercially available fluoride dentifrice in alleviating cervical dentine sensitivity","volume":"67","author":"Gillam","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"191","article-title":"Assessing the efficacy of three dentifrices in the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity","volume":"127","author":"Silverman","year":"1996","journal-title":"JADA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.100056","article-title":"Comparison of clinical efficacy of a dentifrice containing calcium sodium phosphosilicate to a dentifrice containing potassium nitrate and to a placebo on dentinal hypersensitivity: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"81","author":"Pradeep","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2021.103619","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial to compare the efficacy of an aluminium lactate\/potassium nitrate\/hydroxylapatite toothpaste with a control toothpaste for the prevention of dentine hypersensitivity","volume":"108","author":"Seong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2004.00631.x","article-title":"The effect of a new toothpaste containing potassium nitrate and triclosan on gingival health, plaque formation and dentine hypersensitivity","volume":"32","author":"Krongnawakul","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19849","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19849","article-title":"Comprehensive analyses of how tubule occlusion and advanced glycation end-products diminish strength of aged dentin","volume":"6","author":"Shinno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"87","article-title":"Efficacy of a dentifrice containing potassium nitrate, soluble pyrophosphate, PVM\/MA copolymer, and sodium fluoride on dentinal hypersensitivity: A twelve-week clinical study","volume":"5","author":"Schiff","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e043","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2020.vol34.0043","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of assessment scales of dentin hypersensitivity\u2014An accuracy study","volume":"34","author":"Rocha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1021\/jf903557c","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti- inflammatory effects of Orthosiphon aristatus and its bioactive compounds","volume":"58","author":"Hsu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.22.1083","article-title":"Antihypertensive actions of methylripariochromene A from Orthosiphon aristatus, an Indonesian traditional medicinal plant","volume":"22","author":"Matsubara","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"495","article-title":"Orthosiphon Versus Placebo in Nephrolithiasis with Multiple Chronic Complaints: A Randomized Control Trial","volume":"6","author":"Premgamone","year":"2009","journal-title":"eCAM"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/08923970802438391","article-title":"Vernonia cinerea L. scavenges free radicals and regulates nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines profile in carrageenan induced paw edema model","volume":"31","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1230","article-title":"Evaluation of antipyretic potential of Vernonia cinerea extract in rats","volume":"17","author":"Gupta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.54.1437","article-title":"Antimalarial activity of sesquiterpene lactones from Vernonia cinerea","volume":"54","author":"Chea","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2012.0063","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study of an herbal preparation containing Vernonia cinerea in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Sayeed","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"31","article-title":"Efficacy of Vernonia cinerea for smoking cessation","volume":"23","author":"Wongwiwatthananukit","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2018.01.009","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. for smoking cessation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"37","author":"Puttarak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.34172\/jhp.2022.19","article-title":"Efficacy of Vernonia cinerea [L] Less for smoking cessation: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"11","author":"Phimarn","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Herbmed Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2023.24.1.101","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Vernonia cinerea for Smoking Cessation: An Open-Label Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"24","author":"Tuenthosarn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."}],"container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/13\/8\/369\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:28:14Z","timestamp":1760034494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/13\/8\/369"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["dj13080369"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj13080369","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-6767"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2304-6767"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]}}}