{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T12:23:54Z","timestamp":1784031834637,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"VICTOR BABES UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PHAR-MACY TIMISOARA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Chairside bleaching can alter enamel morphology and mineral content. This in vitro study compared surface changes and elemental shifts after three in-office protocols using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Materials and Methods: Forty-two human premolars\/molars were sectioned; matched halves served as control or received Opalescence Quick 45% carbamide peroxide (CP), Opalescence Boost 40% hydrogen peroxide (HP), or BlancOne Ultra+ 35% HP with light activation. Gels were applied per manufacturers\u2019 instructions. SEM assessed topography (\u00d7500\u2013\u00d71100); EDS quantified atomic percent of O, Ca, P, C and trace elements. One-way ANOVA compared Ca and P between bleached groups (\u03b1 = 0.05). Results: Controls showed compact surfaces with preserved Ca and P. After Quick, SEM revealed roughness, fissures and microcracks; Ca fell from 11.5 to 12.5 to 9.53\u201311.73 at% and P from 7.5 to 8.9 to 7.41\u20138.59 at%. Boost produced mild superficial restructuring and granular deposits with variable Ca 13.80\u201327.94 at% and P 7.32\u201314.65 at%. BlancOne Ultra+ caused diffuse erosion and loss of prismatic clarity with marked demineralization (Ca 1.42\u20137.85 at%, P 1.22\u20136.71 at%); C rose locally to 46.61 at%. Across bleached groups, Ca and P differed significantly (both p &lt; 0.001). Oxygen remained dominant (~39\u201350 at%) in all spectra; occasional Al\/Si\/Cl\/K likely reflected residues or preparation artifacts. Conclusions: All protocols produced surface and compositional alterations, with a severity gradient: BlancOne Ultra+ &gt; Boost &gt; Quick. High-concentration, light-activated HP yielded the largest Ca\/P losses. Clinically, neutral-pH, non-activated or chemically activated regimens and immediate post-bleach remineralization should ideally be used when feasible, particularly before adhesive procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13090431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T15:12:44Z","timestamp":1758121964000},"page":"431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Enamel Surface and Elemental Changes Following In Vitro Bleaching: A SEM-EDS Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Berivan Laura Rebeca","family":"Buzatu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine, Doctoral School, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Translational and Experimental Clinical Research Centre in Oral Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6548-9607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramona","family":"Dumitrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Experimental Clinical Research Centre in Oral Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magda Mihaela","family":"Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Dentistry Research Center (Pedo-Research), Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana","family":"Buzatu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Aesthetics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atena","family":"Galuscan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Experimental Clinical Research Centre in Oral Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1686-0150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Bolchis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Experimental Clinical Research Centre in Oral Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Vlase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Thermal Analysis in Environmental Problems (ICAM), West University of Timisoara, 300115 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7480-7486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Titus","family":"Vlase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Thermal Analysis in Environmental Problems (ICAM), West University of Timisoara, 300115 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2705-5020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela Elisabeta","family":"Jumanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Experimental Clinical Research Centre in Oral Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2006.02.002","article-title":"The bleaching of teeth: A review of the literature","volume":"34","author":"Joiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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