{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:01:20Z","timestamp":1788307280627,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Fluoride ion plays a crucial role in protecting teeth against caries by re-mineralizing the caries lesion. The objective of this study was to quantify and compare the fluoride release and recharge of restorative dental materials and their correlation with mass stability. Methods: For this study, 5 \u00d7 5 \u00d7 2 mm blocks were prepared from GIC, RMGI L, GIOMER, Resin Composite, and RMGI R using a customized silicone index. The amount of fluoride released from each material was quantified using a fluoride electrode at 0 h, 1 day, 3 days, 1-week, and 2-week periods. The fluoride recharge of each material was calculated by quantifying the amount of fluoride uptake from high concentration fluoride solution over a period of 1-week. The mass stability of the materials was measured be quantifying the weight loss\/weight gain during fluoride release and recharge phase. The correlation of fluoride release\/recharge with weight loss\/gain were analyzed using Pearson correlation. Results: One-way ANOVA showed a statistically significant difference in the amount of fluoride released from each group (p &lt; 0.05). The maximum amount of fluoride release was observed on the 3rd day in all the groups except the GIC group, which showed an ascending concentration of fluoride release till 2 weeks. One-way ANOVA showed statistically significant differences in weight loss\/gain among the rested group (p &lt; 0.05). GIC showed the highest amount of weight loss and weight gain among the tested materials. Conclusions: The GIC material has the highest fluoride release and RMGI L has the highest fluoride recharge capability. The conventional GIC showed the least mass stability during fluoride release\/recharge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13100438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T10:27:53Z","timestamp":1758623273000},"page":"438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Fluoride Release, Recharge, and Mass Stability of Restorative Dental Materials: An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0604-9553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Sofiqul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 11172, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Padmanabhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 11172, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghaid","family":"Koniali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 11172, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0361-5991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohannad Zain","family":"Alabdin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 11172, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9008-1710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Smriti","family":"Aryal Ac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5485-2768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nada Tawfig","family":"Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 11172, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2058-9804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Ahmed","family":"Elsayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 11172, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammed Mustahsen","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 11172, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandurino, M., Di Domenico, G.L., Baldani, S., Collivasone, G., Gherlone, E.F., Cantatore, G., and Paolone, G. (2023). Dental Restorations. Bioengineering, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10070820"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajarajan, S., Nathwani, N., Nejatian, T., Fine, P., and Leung, A. (2023). Longevity of Anterior Composite Restorations for Localized Tooth Wear: A Scoping Review. Dent. J., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj11110255"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"109","article-title":"A History of Dental Amalgam","volume":"50","author":"Soler","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hist. Dent."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"215","article-title":"Amalgam: Its History and Perils","volume":"34","author":"Hyson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Calif. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jirau-Col\u00f3n, H., Gonz\u00e1lez-Parrilla, L., Martinez-Jim\u00e9nez, J., Adam, W., and Jim\u00e9nez-Velez, B. (2019). Rethinking the Dental Amalgam Dilemma: An Integrated Toxicological Approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16061036"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42S","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2013.0248","article-title":"Beginnings of the Dental Composite Revolution","volume":"144","author":"Bayne","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferracane, J.L. (2024). A Historical Perspective on Dental Composite Restorative Materials. J. Funct. Biomater., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb15070173"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, M.S., Nassar, M., Elsayed, M.A., Jameel, D.B., Ahmad, T.T., and Rahman, M.M. (2023). In Vitro Optical and Physical Stability of Resin Composite Materials with Different Filler Characteristics. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15092121"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41405-023-00161-9","article-title":"Color Stability of Nanohybrid and Microhybrid Composites after Immersion in Common Coloring Beverages at Different Times: A Laboratory Study","volume":"9","author":"Alshami","year":"2023","journal-title":"BDJ Open"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759038, 9","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/759038","article-title":"The Nanomechanical and Tribological Properties of Restorative Dental Composites after Exposure in Different Types of Media","volume":"2014","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2015.09.001","article-title":"Is Secondary Caries with Composites a Material-Based Problem?","volume":"31","author":"Nedeljkovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elgezawi, M., Haridy, R., Abdalla, M.A., Heck, K., Draenert, M., and Kaisarly, D. (2022). Current Strategies to Control Recurrent and Residual Caries with Resin Composite Restorations: Operator- and Material-Related Factors. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216591"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0267-6605(91)90070-V","article-title":"Glass-Ionomer Cement Origins, Development and Future","volume":"7","author":"Wilson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicholson, J.W. (2016). The History and Background to Glass-Ionomer Dental Cements. Glass-Ionomers in Dentistry, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-22626-2_1"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epple, M., Enax, J., and Meyer, F. (2022). Prevention of Caries and Dental Erosion by Fluorides-A Critical Discussion Based on Physico-Chemical Data and Principles. Dent. J., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj10010006"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-5712(14)50003-6","article-title":"The Remineralisation of Enamel: A Review of the Literature","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saber, A.M., El-Housseiny, A.A., and Alamoudi, N.M. (2019). Atraumatic Restorative Treatment and Interim Therapeutic Restoration: A Review of the Literature. Dent. J., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj7010028"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3390\/ma3010076","article-title":"Dental Glass Ionomer Cements as Permanent Filling Materials?\u2014Properties, Limitations and Future Trends","volume":"3","author":"Lohbauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1850","article-title":"Glass-Ionomer Cements in Restorative Dentistry: A Critical Appraisal","volume":"17","author":"Almuhaiza","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.15386\/mpr-1169","article-title":"Giomers in Dentistry\u2014At the Boundary between Dental Composites and Glass-Ionomers","volume":"92","author":"Rusnac","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Pharm. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicholson, J.W., Sidhu, S.K., and Czarnecka, B. (2020). Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Glass-Ionomer Dental Cements: A Review. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13112510"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicholson, J.W., Sidhu, S.K., and Czarnecka, B. (2023). Fluoride Exchange by Glass-Ionomer Dental Cements and Its Clinical Effects: A Review. Biomater. Investig. Dent., 10.","DOI":"10.1080\/26415275.2023.2244982"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.2341\/19-296-L","article-title":"Fluoride Release from Glass Ionomer Cement and Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement Materials under Conditions Mimicking the Caries Process","volume":"46","author":"Cury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2003.11.009","article-title":"Fluoride Release and Recharge in Giomer, Compomer and Resin Composite","volume":"20","author":"Itota","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"75","article-title":"Fluoride Release by Glass Ionomer Cements, Compomer and Giomer","volume":"6","author":"Mousavinasab","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dent. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"579039","article-title":"Long-term fluoride exchanges at restoration surfaces and effects on surface mechanical properties","volume":"2013","author":"Naoum","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Dent."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.5114\/jos.2023.133651","article-title":"Fluoride release and anti-bacterial activity of different bioactive restorative materials: An in vitro comparative study","volume":"76","author":"Sabae","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Sikka, N., and Brizuela, M. (2025). Glass Ionomer Cement, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2002.tb00548.x","article-title":"Resin Modified Glass-Ionomers: Strength, Cure Depth and Translucency","volume":"47","author":"Mount","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"138","article-title":"Influence of Niobium Pentoxide Addition on the Properties of Glass Ionomer Cements. Acta Biomater","volume":"2","author":"Garcia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.21608\/adjc.2020.26342.1063","article-title":"Fluoride Releasing\/Recharging Ability of Bulk-Fill and Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cements After the Application of Different Surface Coating Agents: An In -Vitro Study","volume":"2","author":"Habib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oleniacz-Trawi\u0144ska, M., Kotela, A., Kensy, J., Kiryk, S., Dobrzy\u0144ski, W., Kiryk, J., Gerber, H., Fast, M., Matys, J., and Dobrzy\u0144ski, M. (2025). Evaluation of Factors Affecting Fluoride Release from Compomer Restorative Materials: A Systematic Review. Materials, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18071627"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4800256","article-title":"Fluoride Release, Weight Loss and Erosive Wear of Modern Aesthetic Restoratives","volume":"187","author":"Yip","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colombo, M., Gallo, S., Chiesa, M., Poggio, C., Scribante, A., Zampetti, P., and Pietrocola, G. (2021). In Vitro Weight Loss of Dental Composite Resins and Glass-Ionomer Cements Exposed to a Challenge Simulating the Oral Intake of Acidic Drinks and Foods. J. Compos. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs5110298"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1974","article-title":"Comparison of the Solubility of Conventional Luting Cements with That of the Polyacid Modified Composite Luting Cement and Resin-Modified Glass Lonomer Cement","volume":"17","author":"Karkera","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.4103\/JCD.JCD_92_19","article-title":"Comparative Assessment of Fluoride Release and Recharge through Newer Fluoride Releasing Posterior Restorative Materials: An in Vitro Study","volume":"22","author":"Rai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Conserv. Dent."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.2341\/10-414-L","article-title":"Fluoride Release, Recharge and Mechanical Property Stability of Various Fluoride-Containing Resin Composites","volume":"36","author":"Naoum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2019.06.015","article-title":"Factors influencing fluoride release in atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) materials: A review","volume":"9","author":"Kumari","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Oral Biol Craniofac Res."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"690","article-title":"Fluoride Release\/Recharge from Restorative Materials\u2014Effect of Fluoride Gels and Time","volume":"30","author":"Delbem","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2006.01.022","article-title":"Review on Fluoride-Releasing Restorative Materials--Fluoride Release and Uptake Characteristics, Antibacterial Activity and Influence on Caries Formation","volume":"23","author":"Wiegand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00638-5","article-title":"Compressive Strength, Fluoride Release and Recharge of Fluoride-Releasing Materials","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"24B","article-title":"Dental cements: Bioactivity, bond strength and demineralization progression around restorations","volume":"31","author":"Turkistani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3639441","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3639441","article-title":"Salivary Biomarkers (Opiorphin, Cortisol, Amylase, and IgA) Related to Age, Sex, and Stress Perception in a Prospective Cohort of Healthy Schoolchildren","volume":"2021","author":"Krahel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2013.11.002","article-title":"Age-Related Changes in Salivary Biomarkers","volume":"9","author":"Nassar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."}],"container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/13\/10\/438\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:47:35Z","timestamp":1760035655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/13\/10\/438"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["dj13100438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj13100438","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-6767"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-6767","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]}}}