{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T10:35:37Z","timestamp":1763548537587,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Population-specific data on permanent-tooth eruption are essential for accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, and public health strategies. In Hungary, current clinical practice relies on outdated international eruption standards. The aim of this study was to determine the timing and sequence of permanent tooth emergence in Hungarian children and provide sex-specific eruption standards. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted based on dental screening records of 2948 children aged 4\u201315 years in Debrecen, Hungary, during the 2015\u20132016 school year. Probit regression was used to estimate median eruption times and percentiles, and eruption sequences were assessed by sex and jaw. Results: Girls exhibited earlier eruption than boys for all teeth except mandibular central incisors (difference: 1.9\u20138.9 months; p &lt; 0.05). Mandibular teeth generally preceded maxillary teeth, though premolars in boys showed the opposite trend. Eruption sequences varied by sex, particularly in the canine-premolar region. The 5th-95th percentile eruption range was widest for second molars (4.8 years) and narrowest for maxillary central incisors (2.3 years). Conclusions: This study provides the first modern eruption standards for Hungarian children. These sex-specific reference values are clinically useful for assessing delayed eruption, guiding radiographic decisions, and optimizing the timing of preventive and orthodontic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13110542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T10:02:13Z","timestamp":1763546533000},"page":"542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reference Values for Permanent-Tooth Emergence in Hungarian Children: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zsuzsa","family":"Kapusi-Papp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00e1nos","family":"M\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judit \u00c1gnes","family":"Nemes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3109\/03008208809016806","article-title":"Developmental changes in the extracellular matrix of the dental follicle during tooth eruption","volume":"18","author":"Gorski","year":"1988","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130201300403","article-title":"Cellular, molecular, and genetic determinants of tooth eruption","volume":"13","author":"Wise","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geller, F., Feenstra, B., Zhang, H., Shaffer, J.R., Hansen, T., Esserlind, A.L., Boyd, H.A., Nohr, E.A., Timpson, N.J., and Fatemifar, G. (2011). Genome-wide association study identifies four loci associated with eruption of permanent teeth. PLoS Genet., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002275"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.02.027","article-title":"Comparison of second molar eruption patterns in patients with skeletal Class II and skeletal Class I malocclusions","volume":"130","author":"Brin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, E., Jeong, T., and Shin, J. (2020). Positional Differences of the Mandibular Canal in Relation to Permanent Mandibular First Molars with Eruption Disturbances in Children. Children, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/children7110206"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di\u00e9guez-P\u00e9rez, M., Paz-Cort\u00e9s, M.M., and Mu\u00f1oz-Cano, L. (2022). Evaluation of the Relationship between the Weight and Height Percentiles and the Sequence and Chronology of Eruption in Permanent Dentition. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10081363"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-019-00452-6","article-title":"Association of obesity with the eruption of first and second permanent molars in children: A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Mohamedhussein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(73)90024-1","article-title":"Influence of socio-economic conditions on dental development in Nigerian children","volume":"18","author":"Enwonwu","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5034.1511","article-title":"Time of eruption of permanent teeth in British children at independent, rural, and urban schools","volume":"1","author":"Clements","year":"1957","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"78","article-title":"Studies on the eruption of the permanent teeth. IV. The effect upon the eruption of the permanent teeth of caries in the deciduous dentition, and of urbanization","volume":"8","author":"Adler","year":"1958","journal-title":"Acta Genet. Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1600-0528.2003.00116.x","article-title":"The effect of fluorides and caries in primary teeth on permanent tooth emergence","volume":"31","author":"Leroy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2319\/121014-894.1","article-title":"Secular trends affect timing of emergence of permanent teeth","volume":"86","author":"Eskeli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"67","article-title":"Factors influencing permanent teeth eruption. Part one\u2013general factors","volume":"12","author":"Almonaitiene","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stomatologija"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1051\/odfen\/2018129","article-title":"Tooth eruption disorders associated with systemic and genetic diseases: Clinical guide","volume":"20","author":"Choukroune","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dentofac. Anom. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1066","article-title":"Variation in time of emergence of permanent teeth among urban and rural Jordanian school children","volume":"32","author":"Shaweesh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23351","article-title":"Ancestry and dental development: A geographic and genetic perspective","volume":"165","author":"Dhamo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandana, S., Muthu, M.S., Akila, G., Anusha, M., Kandaswamy, D., and Aswath Narayanan, M.B. (2024). Global variations in eruption chronology of permanent teeth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 36.","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.24060"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1080\/03014468100005251","article-title":"Ages of eruption of the permanent teeth in Kenyan African and Asian children","volume":"8","author":"Hassanali","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(73)90099-X","article-title":"Negro-Caucasoid differences in permanent tooth emergence at a constant income level","volume":"18","author":"Garn","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (2022). Dental growth and development. Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry, AAPD."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Proffit, W.R., Fields, H.W., Larson, B.E., and Sarver, D.M. (2019). Contemporary Orthodontics, Elsevier. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2011.08.014","article-title":"Timing and sequence of emergence of permanent teeth in the Jordanian population","volume":"57","author":"Shaweesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"137","article-title":"Chronology, dynamics and period of permanent tooth eruption in Zagreb children (Part II)","volume":"24","author":"Verzak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Coll. Antropol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"93","article-title":"Standards for permanent teeth emergence time and sequence in Lithuanian children, residents of Vilnius city","volume":"14","author":"Almonaitiene","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stomatologija"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160indel\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1, R., \u017d\u00e1kov\u00e1, L., and Broukal, Z. (2017). Standards for permanent tooth emergence in Czech children. BMC Oral Health, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-017-0427-9"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2004.00586.x","article-title":"An epidemiological survey of the time and sequence of eruption of permanent teeth in 4\u201315-year-olds in Tehran, Iran","volume":"14","author":"Moslemi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515581644","article-title":"Morphologic and Demographic Predictors of Third Molar Agenesis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Carter","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(86)90134-2","article-title":"Comparison of different methods for estimating human tooth-eruption time on one set of Danish national data","volume":"31","author":"Heidmann","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"529","article-title":"Standards for permanent tooth emergence in Finnish children","volume":"69","author":"Eskeli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0528.2003.00023.x","article-title":"The emergence of permanent teeth in Flemish children","volume":"31","author":"Leroy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E10","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2010.672","article-title":"A cross-sectional survey to determine the ages of emergence of permanent teeth of Caucasian children of the Colchester area of the UK","volume":"209","author":"Elmes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2003.tb00007.x","article-title":"New standards for permanent tooth emergence in Australian children","volume":"48","author":"Diamanti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-003-0228-1","article-title":"Age and sequence of eruption of permanent teeth in Kelantan, north-eastern Malaysia","volume":"7","author":"Nizam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kutesa, A., Nkamba, E.M., Muwazi, L., Buwembo, W., and Rwenyonyi, C.M. (2013). Weight, height and eruption times of permanent teeth of children aged 4-15 years in Kampala, Uganda. BMC Oral Health, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-13-15"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2011.01114.x","article-title":"A prospective cohort study on emergence of permanent teeth and caries experience in Korean children","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"63","article-title":"Eruption time of permanent teeth in Pakistani children","volume":"40","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345800590070301","article-title":"Sexual differences in dental development and prediction of emergence","volume":"59","author":"Demirjian","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"276","article-title":"Sex differences in dental development in children with precocious puberty related to central nervous system lesions","volume":"8","author":"Roberts","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9238679","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9238679","article-title":"Age and sequence of permanent teeth eruption in Lebanese children","volume":"2020","author":"Nassif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(67)90224-2","article-title":"Eruption times of permanent teeth in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana","volume":"53","author":"Houpt","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(71)90031-8","article-title":"Eruption times of the permanent teeth in 622 Ugandan children","volume":"16","author":"Krumholt","year":"1971","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/03014467800002631","article-title":"Tooth emergence in Australian Aboriginals","volume":"5","author":"Brown","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(53)90058-X","article-title":"Studies in the etiology and prevention of malocclusion: I. The sequence of eruption of the permanent dentition","volume":"39","author":"Lo","year":"1953","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"379","article-title":"Development of the human jaws and surrounding structures from birth to the age of fifteen years","volume":"20","author":"Logan","year":"1933","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0528.2003.00016.x","article-title":"Time and duration of eruption of first and second permanent molars: A longitudinal investigation","volume":"31","author":"Ekstrand","year":"2003","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/13\/11\/542\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T10:30:09Z","timestamp":1763548209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/13\/11\/542"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["dj13110542"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj13110542","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-6767"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2304-6767"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]}}}