{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T07:59:57Z","timestamp":1769587197373,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JST SPRING","award":["JPMJSP2121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSP2121"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Appropriate use of a dental mirror (MT) is essential for dental treatment. However, because the mirror image differs depending on the operator\u2019s position, there are few effective tools available to train dental students and inexperienced dentists. To address this issue, a new virtual reality (VR) system was developed. Methods: Eighty-seven participants, including instructor dentists, graduate students, trainee dentists, and dental students from Niigata University, participated in the experiment. The participants manipulated the virtual dental mirror (DM) connected to three-dimensional (3D) control devices while wearing a head-mounted display (HMD) to simulate an intraoral examination and caries removal. The distance between the center of the DM and the caries, area ratio of the caries on the DM, ellipticity of the caries image, and manipulation time were measured and compared between groups. Results: The mean distance between the centers was 1.18 mm for instructor dentists and 1.56 mm for the students (p = 0.003; effect size, 0.48). Instructor dentists demonstrated significantly superior performance in all evaluation categories compared to the other groups. This suggests that the level of clinical experience affected the results. Conclusions: The newly developed VR system can quantitatively and objectively evaluate DM manipulation. Differences in the operator\u2019s clinical experience led to variations in the techniques used for mirror image confirmation and DM manipulation. This VR system enables quantitative feedback by outputting images from the HMD to a monitor. Therefore, it has the potential to evolve into an unprecedented training tool for dental students or trainees.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13120566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T15:11:24Z","timestamp":1764947484000},"page":"566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["New Virtual Reality Educational Tool for Evaluating Dental Mirror Technique Skills: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1448-446X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rei","family":"Nagasawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dental Clinical Education, Faculty of Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7631-9511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takumi","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Dentistry and Clinical Education Unit, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata 951-8520, Japan"},{"name":"Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8241-3937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuto","family":"Isogai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Information Systems Program, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1982-8018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yui","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Information Systems Program, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1414-5804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Imamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Information Systems Program, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4148-7105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noritaka","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dental Clinical Education, Faculty of Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan"},{"name":"General Dentistry and Clinical Education Unit, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata 951-8520, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2018.01.009","article-title":"Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) applied in dentistry","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J. 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