{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T15:30:41Z","timestamp":1788535841900,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health\u2014current research Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: To outline strategies for the safe clinical use of orthodontic temporary anchorage devices (TADs) by analyzing papers that examine associated risks, complications, and approaches for their prevention and resolution. Methods: The research protocol used PubMed, Medline, and Scopus up to May 2024, focusing on controlled and randomized clinical trials aligned with the review objective. Fourteen studies were included; bias risk was assessed, key data extracted, and a descriptive analysis performed. Study quality and evidence strength were also evaluated. Results: TADs optimize anchorage control without relying on patient compliance. However, they carry risks and complications. TAD contact with the periodontal ligament or root without pulp involvement requires removal for spontaneous healing. If pulp is involved, the TAD should be removed and endodontic therapy performed. If anatomical structures are violated, TAD should be removed. If transient, spontaneous recovery occurs, but sometimes pharmacological treatment may be needed. A 2 mm gap between the TAD and surrounding structures can prevent damage. In the maxillary sinus, a less than 2 mm perforation of the Schneiderian membrane recovers spontaneously; wider perforations require TAD removal. Good oral hygiene and TAD abutments prevent soft tissue inflammation, which resolves with 0.2% chlorhexidine for 14 days. Unwanted forces can cause TAD fractures, requiring removal. Minor TAD mobility due to loss of primary stability can be maintained; significant instability requires repositioning. Conclusions: The use of TADs requires meticulous planning, radiological guidance, and monitoring to minimize risks and manage complications. With proper care, TADs improve orthodontic outcomes and patient satisfaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13120582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T16:37:02Z","timestamp":1764952622000},"page":"582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Clinical Management of Orthodontic Miniscrew Complications: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"del Rosso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery and Dental Unit, Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via della Commenda 10, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3739-1490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pier Paolo","family":"Poli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery and Dental Unit, Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via della Commenda 10, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7774-169X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Ghizzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery and Dental Unit, Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via della Commenda 10, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8264-7320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Caprioglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery and Dental Unit, Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via della Commenda 10, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2004.11.002","article-title":"Temporary anchorage devices in orthodontics: A paradigm shift","volume":"11","author":"Cope","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2013.11.002","article-title":"Miniscrew implant applications in contemporary orthodontics","volume":"30","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-021-00370-8","article-title":"Effect on miniscrew insertion angle in the maxillary buccal plate on its clinical survival: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"22","author":"Golshah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Progress. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2022.7616","article-title":"Failure Rate of Orthodontic Mini-screw After Insertion Using 3D Printed Guide Versus Conventional Free Hand Placement Technique: Split Mouth Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"10","author":"Aboshady","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Truong, V.M., Kim, S., Kim, J., Lee, J.W., Park, Y.-S., and Faot, F. (2022). Revisiting the Complications of Orthodontic Miniscrew. BioMed Res. Int., 2022.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8720412"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2007.03.009","article-title":"Application of orthodontic mini-implants in adolescents","volume":"36","author":"Motoyoshi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"539","article-title":"Mini-implants: Where are we?","volume":"9","author":"Melsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"9","article-title":"Clinical Applications of the Miniscrew Anchorage System","volume":"39","author":"Carano","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2006.02.018","article-title":"The application of mini-implants for orthodontic anchorage","volume":"35","author":"Tseng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2018.07.032","article-title":"Failure load and stress analysis of orthodontic miniscrews with different transmucosal collar diameter","volume":"87","author":"Sfondrini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"602","article-title":"Group distal movement of teeth using microscrew implant anchorage","volume":"75","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"779","article-title":"Effect of cortical bone thickness and implant placement torque on stability of orthodontic mini-implants","volume":"22","author":"Motoyoshi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implant."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"317","article-title":"Surgical guide for optimal positioning of mini-implants","volume":"39","author":"Morea","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-010-9933-y","article-title":"Biomechanical Properties of Orthodontic Miniscrews. An In-vitro Study","volume":"71","author":"Florvaag","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2005.01211.x","article-title":"Recommended placement torque when tightening an orthodontic mini-implant","volume":"17","author":"Motoyoshi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2006.01325.x","article-title":"Success rate of mini- and micro-implants used for orthodontic anchorage: A prospective clinical study","volume":"18","author":"Wiechmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-004-0408-x","article-title":"Clinical suitability of titanium microscrews for orthodontic anchorage\u2014Preliminary experiences","volume":"65","author":"Fritz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2319\/010906-14R.1","article-title":"Microscrew anchorage in skeletal anterior open-bite treatment","volume":"77","author":"Xun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12525","article-title":"Accuracy of direct insertion of TADs in the anterior palate with respect to a 3D-assisted digital insertion virtual planning","volume":"25","author":"Iodice","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2013.02.018","article-title":"Accuracy of miniscrew surgical guides assessed from cone-beam computed tomography and digital models","volume":"143","author":"Bae","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.2319\/033111-231.1","article-title":"Accuracy of orthodontic miniscrew implantation guided by stereolithographic surgical stent based on cone-beam CT\u2013derived 3D images","volume":"82","author":"Qiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12453","article-title":"Cortical bone thickness and bone density effects on miniscrew success rates: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofac Res."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"433","article-title":"Anatomical guidelines for miniscrew insertion: Palatal sites","volume":"45","author":"Ludwig","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-022-00423-6","article-title":"Accuracy of the digital workflow for guided insertion of orthodontic palatal TADs: A step-by-step 3D analysis","volume":"23","author":"Pozzan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.6026\/973206300210538","article-title":"CAD\u2014CAM based 3D printed surgical guides for posterior mini-screw placement","volume":"21","author":"Nagmode","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yildiz, M.S., Ulutas, P.A., Ozenci, I., and Akcal\u0131, A. (2024). Clinical and radiographic assessment of the association between orthodontic mini-screws and periodontal health. BMC Oral Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-05136-2"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aromataris, E., and Munn, Z. (2025, July 30). JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. Available online: https:\/\/synthesismanual.jbi.global.","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-24-01"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (2025, July 30). Study Quality Assessment Tool, Available online: https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-topics\/study-quality-assessment-tools."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod.2021.51.3.199","article-title":"Complications reported with the use of orthodontic mini-screws: A systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Giudice","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2012.05.016","article-title":"Failure rates and associated risk factors of orthodontic miniscrew implants: A meta-analysis","volume":"142","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"205","article-title":"Effect of Operator-Related Factors on Failure Rate of Orthodontic Mini-Implants (OMIS) used as Temporary Anchorage Devices (TAD); Systematic Review","volume":"4","author":"Mohamed","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dent. Oral Care Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inchingolo, A.M., Malcangi, G., Costa, S., Fatone, M.C., Avantario, P., Campanelli, M., Piras, F., Patano, A., Ferrara, I., and Di Pede, C. (2023). Tooth Complications After Orthodontic Miniscrews Insertion. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021562"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebdp.2020.101402","article-title":"An Umbrella Review of the Ef-fectiveness of Temporary Anchorage Devices and the Factors That Contribute to Their Success or Failure","volume":"20","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Evid. Based Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjy015","article-title":"Success of palatal implants or mini-screws placed median or paramedian for the reinforcement of anchorage during orthodontic treatment: A systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Kakali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"287","article-title":"Comparison of the success rate between self-drilling and self-tapping mini-screws: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Yi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2012.05.011","article-title":"Bone anchor systems for orthodontic application: A systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Tsui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"361","article-title":"Evaluation of the Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) with Temporary Skeletal Anchorage Devices in Fixed Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Mousa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.4103\/ccd.ccd_661_18","article-title":"Evaluation of Treatment Outcomes of En masse Retraction with Temporary Skeletal Anchorage Devices in Comparison with Two-step Retraction with Conventional Anchorage in Patients with Dentoalveolar Protrusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Khlef","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"10","article-title":"Surgery-related factors affecting the stability of orthodontic mini-implants screwed in alveolar process interdental spaces: A systematic literature review","volume":"19","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stomatologija"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12152","article-title":"Complications and adverse patient reactions associated with the surgical insertion and removal of palatal implants: A retrospective study","volume":"25","author":"Fah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.57.95","article-title":"Maxillary sinus perforation by orthodontic anchor screws","volume":"57","author":"Motoyoshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2013.02.021","article-title":"Root proximity and inclination of orthodontic mini-implants after placement: Cone-beam computed tomography evaluation","volume":"144","author":"Shinohara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1183","article-title":"Buccal mucosal lesions caused by the inter radicular mini-screw: A preliminary report","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implant."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2022.07.013","article-title":"Miniscrews for orthodontic anchorage: Analysis of risk factors correlated with the progressive susceptibility to failure","volume":"162","author":"Xin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2003.10.014","article-title":"Transalveolar screws and the incidence of dental damage: A prospective study","volume":"33","author":"Fabbroni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_105_17","article-title":"Evaluation of the success and complication rates of self-drilling orthodontic mini-implants","volume":"21","author":"Gurdan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-016-0134-9","article-title":"Incidence of pulp sensibility loss of anterior teeth after paramedian insertion of orthodontic mini-implants in the anterior maxilla","volume":"13","author":"Hourfar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Head Face Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.2319\/101813-772.1","article-title":"Cross-sectional evaluation of the prevalence and factors associated with soft tissue scarring after the removal of miniscrews","volume":"85","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2017.08.021","article-title":"Influence of orthodontic mini-implant penetration of the maxillary sinus in the infra zygomatic crest region","volume":"153","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2209\/tdcpublication.51.151","article-title":"Clinical study of tem-porary anchorage devices for orthodontic treatment--stability of micro\/mini-screws and mini-plates: Experience with 455 cases","volume":"51","author":"Takaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Tokyo Dent. Coll."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-160X-8-32","article-title":"Mini-implants in the palatal slope\u2014A retrospective analysis of implant survival and tissue reaction","volume":"8","author":"Ziebura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Head Face Med."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"151","article-title":"Orthodontic force application to titanium endosseous implants","volume":"58","author":"Turley","year":"1988","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"247","article-title":"Rigidendosseous implants for orthodontic and orthopedic anchorage","volume":"59","author":"Roberts","year":"1989","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(95)70140-0","article-title":"A new device for absolute anchorage for orthodontics","volume":"107","author":"Block","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"201","article-title":"Miniscrews as orthodontic anchorage: A preliminary report","volume":"13","author":"Costa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Adult Orthod. Orthognath. Surg."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0501.2001.012004358.x","article-title":"Bicortical titanium screws for critical orthodontic anchorage in the mandible: A preliminary report on clinical application","volume":"12","author":"Freudenthaler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(99)70345-8","article-title":"Skeletal anchorage system for open-bite correction","volume":"115","author":"Umemori","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511409236","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness of orthodontic miniscrew implants: A meta-analysis","volume":"90","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2008.01571.x","article-title":"Stability of miniplates and miniscrews used for orthodontic anchorage: Experience with 492 temporary anchorage devices","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2013.02.010","article-title":"Factors affecting the clinical success of orthodontic anchorage: Experience with 266 temporary anchorage devices","volume":"9","author":"Lai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2011.01.003","article-title":"Complications Encountered in Temporary Orthodontic Anchorage Device Therapy","volume":"17","author":"Roncone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cju056","article-title":"The most distal palatal ruga for placement of orthodontic mini-implants","volume":"37","author":"Hourfar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2005.01146.x","article-title":"Root repair after injury from miniscrew","volume":"16","author":"Asscherickx","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"637","article-title":"Occlusal forces promote periodontal healing of transplanted teeth and prevent dentoalveolar ankylosis: An experimental study in rats","volume":"75","author":"Mine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2004.11.005","article-title":"Miniscrew implants: The Aarhus anchorage system","volume":"11","author":"Melsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"212","article-title":"Clinical applications of the mini-screw anchorage system (M.A.S.) in the maxillary alveolar bone","volume":"5","author":"Carano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"832","article-title":"A radiographic evaluation of the availability of bone for placement of mini screws","volume":"74","author":"Schnelle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"191","article-title":"\u201cSafe zones\u201d: A guide for miniscrew positioning in the maxillary and mandibu lar arch","volume":"76","author":"Poggio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"588","article-title":"An adjustable surgical guide for miniscrew placement","volume":"39","author":"Suzuki","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"321","article-title":"Development of orthodontic micro-implants for intraoral anchorage","volume":"37","author":"Kyung","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2006.04.027","article-title":"Risks and complications of orthodontic miniscrews","volume":"131","author":"Kravitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2010.02010.x","article-title":"Morphology of the nasopalatine canal and dental implant surgery: A radiographic analysis of 100 consecutive patients using limited cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"22","author":"Bornstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2005.01665.x","article-title":"Subcutane- ous emphysema after dental treatment: A case report","volume":"16","author":"Torgay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Paediatr. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.5125\/jkaoms.2018.44.5.212","article-title":"Subcutaneous emphysema related to dental procedures","volume":"44","author":"Jeong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Korean Assoc. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"38","article-title":"Subcutaneous emphysema after restorative dental treatment","volume":"22","author":"Schuman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Compend. Contin. Educ. Dent."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2008.01643.x","article-title":"Effects of irrigation temperature on heat control in vitro at different drilling depths","volume":"20","author":"Sener","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2004.12.024","article-title":"Soft-tissue and cortical-bone thickness at orthodontic implant sites","volume":"130","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2003.06.018","article-title":"Do miniscrews remain stationary under orthodontic forces?","volume":"126","author":"Liou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345670460011501","article-title":"Ridge remodeling after tooth extraction in rats","volume":"46","author":"Pietrokovski","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2012.01.008","article-title":"Tissue reaction surrounding miniscrews for orthodontic anchorage: An animal experiment","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2005.00334.x","article-title":"A comparative study of the efficacy of Aphtheal in the management of recurrent minor aphthous ulceration","volume":"34","author":"Murray","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2004.11.006","article-title":"Miniscrew implants: IMTEC mini ortho implants","volume":"11","author":"Herman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3109\/00016358909004804","article-title":"The effect of chlorhexidine supplementation in a periodontal dressing","volume":"47","author":"Othman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2017.170123","article-title":"Microbiome and Microbial Biofilm Profiles of Peri-Implantitis: A Systematic Review","volume":"88","author":"Lafaurie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, N., Zhang, Q., Guo, Y., Cui, S., Tian, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhou, Y., and Wang, X. (2023). Oral microbiome contributes to the failure of orthodontic temporary anchorage devices (TADs). BMC Oral Health, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-02715-7"}],"container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/13\/12\/582\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T17:02:58Z","timestamp":1764954178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/13\/12\/582"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["dj13120582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj13120582","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-6767"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-6767","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]}}}