{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T20:11:58Z","timestamp":1767903118739,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: There is evidence of possible contamination of prosthetic components originating from dental laboratories. The aim of this study is to investigate the disinfectant effect of citric acid and polyethylene glycol on implant-prosthetic materials in comparison with an untreated control and chlorhexidine. Methods: A total of 720 disks made of three different materials (titanium grade V, zirconia coated with feldspathic ceramic, and PMMA) contaminated with three bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and porphyromonas gingivalis) were analyzed. Four treatment groups were tested: citric acid, polyethylene glycol, chlorhexidine and an untreated control group. Two assessment periods (3 and 21 days of incubation) were used, with bacterial metabolic activity measured using the resazurin reduction test and then analyzed by electron microscopy. Results: The results show that chlorhexidine has a superior inhibitory effect on all materials and bacterial strains in the short-term evaluation (3 days), while citric acid and polyethylene glycol showed higher efficacy after 21 days. Citric acid also exhibits differential effects when applied to grade V titanium. These differences were statistically significant at p &lt; 0.05. Conclusions: There is evidence to recommend chlorhexidine for the disinfection of laboratory prosthetic components, but the enhanced effect of citric acid on grade V titanium and its long-term efficacy make it clinically promising candidate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj14010008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T14:27:51Z","timestamp":1766586471000},"page":"8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Disinfection Strategies for Implant-Related Prosthetic Materials: An In Vitro Evaluation of Citric Acid, Chlorhexidine and Polyethylene Glycol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Escaf-Robles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialities, Oviedo University, 33003 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6421-3863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aritza","family":"Brizuela-Velasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dens-IA Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 47012 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3454-5389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Robles-Cantero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dens-IA Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 47012 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4626-4293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saray","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 47012 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6824-1412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Barcelona East School of Engineering EEBE, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hector","family":"de Llanos-Lanchares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialities, Oviedo University, 33003 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"86","article-title":"Microflora of Laboratory-Customized Dental Implant Abutments","volume":"20","author":"Tamizifar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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