{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T05:25:28Z","timestamp":1767677128456,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024A1515012918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515012918"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82373255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82373255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82303713"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82303713"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The novel wave electric toothbrush is considered potentially helpful in removing subgingival plaque to prevent the occurrence of periodontal diseases. This study aimed to assess the cleaning efficacy of a novel wave electric toothbrush on subgingival plaque and its safety profile for oral soft tissues. Methods: In vitro cleaning efficacy evaluations were conducted using oral dental models. The wave electric toothbrushes were divided into low-, medium-, and high-swing parameter groups, with manual brushing (Bass technique) as the control. Simulated plaque was applied to the buccal and gingival sulcus sites of the four first molars, and the plaque removal area and sulcus cleaning depth were measured. For safety evaluation, Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were brushed on their molars daily for 30 days, with bleeding incidents recorded. Oral soft tissues were analyzed through H&amp;E staining and immunohistochemical analysis. Statistical analysis included ANOVA and Kruskal\u2013Wallis (p &lt; 0.05). Results: Medium- and high-swing groups demonstrated superior gingival sulcus cleaning efficacy, showing significant differences compared with the low-swing and control groups (p &lt; 0.05). All swing parameters achieved complete plaque removal on buccal surfaces. No significant differences were observed between the low-swing and manual groups, or between the medium- and high-swing groups, regarding sulcus cleaning efficacy and maximum sulcus depth. During the 30-day in vivo experiment, medium- and high-swing groups showed low bleeding frequencies, primarily at the palatal gingiva and vestibule. Histological analyses indicated that higher swing parameters increased the likelihood of soft tissue injury. Conclusions: Wave electric toothbrushes enhance subgingival plaque removal, with higher swing parameters improving gingival sulcus cleaning. However, stronger parameters may increase the risk of soft tissue damage. Further clinical studies are required to establish optimal guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj14010029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T10:53:50Z","timestamp":1767610430000},"page":"29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Subgingival Plaque Removal Efficacy and Oral Soft Tissue Safety of the Wave Electric Toothbrush: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Siyuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weidong","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunyang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weili","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiliu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2176-9308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongsheng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14516","article-title":"WHO\u2019s global oral health status report 2022: Actions, discussion and implementation","volume":"30","author":"Jain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0089-x","article-title":"The oral microbiota: Dynamic communities and host interactions","volume":"16","author":"Lamont","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, T.C., Luo, B.W., Lam, W.Y., Baysan, A., Chu, C.H., and Yu, O.Y. (2024). Updates on Caries Risk Assessment-A Literature Review. Dent. J., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj12100312"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104571","article-title":"Comparison of modified bass, rolling, and current toothbrushing techniques for the efficacy of plaque control\u2014A randomized trial","volume":"135","author":"Weng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"57","article-title":"An effective method of personal oral hygiene","volume":"106","author":"Bass","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. La. State Med. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2319\/080317-520.1","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial to evaluate the plaque removal efficacy of an oscillating-rotating toothbrush versus a sonic toothbrush in orthodontic patients using digital imaging analysis of the anterior dentition","volume":"89","author":"Erbe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Gopalkrishna, P., Syed, A.K., and Sathiyabalan, A. (2025). The Impact of Toothbrushing on Oral Health, Gingival Recession, and Tooth Wear-A Narrative Review. Healthcare, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13101138"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12915","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Power Versus Manual Toothbrushes on Plaque Removal and Gingival Health in Children-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12085","article-title":"Gingival abrasion and recession in manual and oscillating-rotating power brush users","volume":"12","author":"Rosema","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, R.D., Kanagasingam, S., Cook, N., Krysmann, M., Taylor, K., and Pisani, F. (2024). The Effect of Different Electric Toothbrush Technologies on Interdental Plaque Removal: A Systematic Review with a Meta-Analysis. Healthcare, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12101035"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13126","article-title":"Long-term impact of powered toothbrush on oral health: 11-year cohort study","volume":"46","author":"Pitchika","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2010.00723.x","article-title":"Energy transfer, volumetric expansion, and removal of oral biofilms by non-contact brushing","volume":"118","author":"Busscher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-05407-2","article-title":"Results of objective brushing data recorded from a powered toothbrush used by elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment related to values for oral health","volume":"28","author":"Flyborg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2017.09.003","article-title":"Short-term and long-term effectiveness of powered toothbrushes in promoting periodontal health during orthodontic treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"152","author":"Kaklamanos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/ger.12619","article-title":"Use of a powered toothbrush to improve oral health in individuals with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"40","author":"Flyborg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5921","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56017-1","article-title":"Cleaning performance of electric toothbrushes around brackets applying different brushing forces: An in-vitro study","volume":"14","author":"Rominger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preda, C., Butera, A., Pelle, S., Pautasso, E., Chiesa, A., Esposito, F., Oldoini, G., Scribante, A., Genovesi, A.M., and Cosola, S. (2021). The Efficacy of Powered Oscillating Heads vs. Powered Sonic Action Heads Toothbrushes to Maintain Periodontal and Peri-Implant Health: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041468"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, C., Tsoi, J.K.H., Lo, E.C.M., and Matinlinna, A.J.P. (2020). Safety and Design Aspects of Powered Toothbrush-A Narrative Review. Dent. J., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj8010015"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-012-0836-8","article-title":"Brushing without brushing?\u2014A review of the efficacy of powered toothbrushes in noncontact biofilm removal","volume":"17","author":"Schmidt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060517705476","article-title":"Distribution of dental plaque and gingivitis within the dental arches","volume":"45","author":"Sreenivasan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1974.tb00652.x","article-title":"Effect of tooth cleaning procedures on gingival sulcus depth","volume":"9","author":"Wolfram","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12366","article-title":"Primary prevention of periodontitis: Managing gingivitis","volume":"42","author":"Chapple","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"681","article-title":"Interplay Between the In-Vitro Cleaning Performance and Wear of Manual Toothbrushes in Fixed Orthodontic Appliances","volume":"22","author":"Lasance","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohsumi, T., Takenaka, S., Sakaue, Y., Suzuki, Y., Nagata, R., Hasegawa, T., Ohshima, H., Terao, Y., and Noiri, Y. (2020). Adjunct use of mouth rinses with a sonic toothbrush accelerates the detachment of a Streptococcus mutans biofilm: An in vitro study. BMC Oral Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01144-0"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12350","article-title":"Effect of tooth brushing on gloss retention and surface roughness of five bulk-fill resin composites","volume":"30","author":"Kreplak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Esthet. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lang, T., Staufer, S., Jennes, B., and Gaengler, P. (2014). Clinical validation of robot simulation of toothbrushing--comparative plaque removal efficacy. BMC Oral Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-14-82"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Axe, A., Mueller, W.D., Rafferty, H., Lang, T., and Gaengler, P. (2023). Impact of manual toothbrush design on plaque removal efficacy. BMC Oral Health, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03518-6"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Park, H.M., and Kim, Y.W. (2024). Comparative Analysis of Plaque Removal and Wear between Electric\u2013Mechanical and Bioelectric Toothbrushes. Bioengineering, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11050474"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-024-13289-4","article-title":"Effects of soil acidification on humus, electric charge, and bacterial community diversity","volume":"196","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.ijdr_375_23","article-title":"Effectiveness of Plaque Removal Using Different Toothbrushes in Children\u2014A Comparative Study","volume":"35","author":"Obukavitha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TB02976J","article-title":"A double-layer thin oral film for wet oral mucosa adhesion and efficient treatment of oral ulcers","volume":"12","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2020.02.005","article-title":"Role of autophagy in the periodontal ligament reconstruction during orthodontic tooth movement in rats","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14348","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c00480","article-title":"Precise Modulation of Pericyte Dysfunction by a Multifunctional Nanoprodrug to Ameliorate Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e056269","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-056269","article-title":"Protocol of a cluster randomised controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of an online parenting intervention for promoting oral health of 2\u20136 years old Australian children","volume":"12","author":"Tadakamadla","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labib, M.E., Perazzo, A., Manganaro, J., Tabani, Y., Milleman, K.R., Milleman, J.L., and Walsh, L.J. (2023). Clinical Assessment of Plaque Removal Using a Novel Dentifrice Containing Cellulose Microfibrils. Dent. J., 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202310.0248.v1"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"e12172","article-title":"Periodontal dysbiosis associates with reduced CSF A\u03b242 in cognitively normal elderly","volume":"13","author":"Kamer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520913818","article-title":"Oral Microbiome Signatures in Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontal Disease","volume":"99","author":"Matsha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajasekaran, J.J., Krishnamurthy, H.K., Bosco, J., Jayaraman, V., Krishna, K., Wang, T., and Bei, K. (2024). Oral Microbiome: A Review of Its Impact on Oral and Systemic Health. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202406.1923.v1"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2016.865","article-title":"The oral microbiome\u2014An update for oral healthcare professionals","volume":"221","author":"Kilian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00488-4","article-title":"The role of oral bacteria in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"18","author":"Read","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2015.08.001","article-title":"Synergy of brushing mode and antibacterial use on in vivo biofilm formation","volume":"43","author":"Jongsma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12361","article-title":"The dental plaque biofilm matrix","volume":"86","author":"Jakubovics","year":"2021","journal-title":"Periodontology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12751","article-title":"In-vitro comparison of two different toothbrush bristles about peri-implant sulcus penetration","volume":"22","author":"Montevecchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S158","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12334","article-title":"Peri-implant health and disease. A systematic review of current epidemiology","volume":"42","author":"Derks","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04553-3","article-title":"Effects of interactive power toothbrush with or without application assistance on the plaque, gingivitis, and gingival abrasion among dental students: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"26","author":"Cinal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12421","article-title":"Are bristle stiffness and bristle end-shape related to adverse effects on soft tissues during toothbrushing? A systematic review","volume":"69","author":"Ranzan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910508400102","article-title":"The junctional epithelium: From health to disease","volume":"84","author":"Bosshardt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakai, K., Tanaka, H., Fukuzawa, K., Nakajima, J., Ozaki, M., Kato, N., and Kawato, T. (2022). Effects of Electric-Toothbrush Vibrations on the Expression of Collagen and Non-Collagen Proteins through the Focal Adhesion Kinase Signaling Pathway in Gingival Fibroblasts. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12060771"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-022-00303-0","article-title":"Key early proinflammatory signaling molecules encapsulated within circulating exosomes following traumatic injury","volume":"19","author":"Walsh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi5200","article-title":"The spectrum of inflammatory responses","volume":"374","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-014-9971-5","article-title":"MAPK and NF-\u03baB Pathways Are Involved in Bisphenol A-Induced TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 Production in BV2 Microglial Cells","volume":"38","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2015.2447","article-title":"Chebulagic acid inhibits the LPS-induced expression of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 in endothelial cells by suppressing MAPK activation","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40584","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40584","article-title":"Hydroxysafflor yellow A attenuates the expression of inflammatory cytokines in acute soft tissue injury","volume":"7","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.22514\/jocpd.2024.107","article-title":"Periodontal health and oral hygiene of children with orofacial clefts in Eastern China","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."}],"container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/14\/1\/29\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T05:13:49Z","timestamp":1767676429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/14\/1\/29"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["dj14010029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj14010029","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-6767"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2304-6767"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]}}}