{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T15:27:11Z","timestamp":1788535631783,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Cleft lip and\/or palate are common craniofacial anomalies whose surgical repair is classified as clean-contaminated and may be complicated by surgical site infection or palatal fistula. Despite widespread perioperative antibiotic use, there are no standardized, evidence-based recommendations, and rising antimicrobial resistance underlines the need for rational prescribing. This systematic scoping review aimed to map current evidence on prophylactic antibiotic therapy and related perioperative measures in cleft surgery. Methods: A scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O\u2019Malley framework and reported in line with PRISMA 2020. PubMed, Mendeley and Google Scholar were searched (January 2015\u201310 February 2025) for English-language retrospective studies, clinical trials, survey studies and systematic reviews concerning prophylactic antibiotics, bone grafting procedures, mouthwash use or oral microbiota in patients undergoing cleft lip and\/or palate surgery. Six reviewers independently screened records; two experienced clinicians extracted data on study characteristics, antimicrobial regimens and infectious or microbiological outcomes. Given heterogeneity and the scoping aim, no formal risk-of-bias assessment or meta-analysis was performed. Results: A total of 40 studies met the inclusion criteria, including 21 original research articles. Considerable variation in antibiotic choice, timing and duration was observed, with no clear superiority of any regimen. Single-dose perioperative prophylaxis appeared non-inferior to prolonged courses in several settings. Oral microbiota studies highlighted colonization by resistant and opportunistic pathogens in cleft patients. Conclusions: Current evidence supports individualized, often short-course perioperative antibiotic strategies rather than routine prolonged therapy. High-quality randomized and microbiological studies are required to develop standardized, resistance-conscious guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj14010056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T08:26:36Z","timestamp":1768465596000},"page":"56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prophylactic Antibiotic Therapy in Cleft Surgery\u2014A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6240-1297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margareta","family":"Budner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Jaw Orthopedics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Microsurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2266-3764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelina","family":"Podle\u015bna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Microsurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Doctoral School, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7380-5207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Doma\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mi\u0119dzyleski Specialist Hospital in Warsaw, 04-749 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0851-8457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Pijas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infant Jesus Clinical Hospital University Clinical Center, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8445-1437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Zyska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Club of Plastic, Reconstructive Surgery and Aesthetic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Wi\u015bniewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Club of Plastic, Reconstructive Surgery and Aesthetic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3319-6025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaudiusz","family":"Garbacki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Club of Plastic, Reconstructive Surgery and Aesthetic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Wilhelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Microsurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5602-3744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Microsurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3064-3379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerzy","family":"Stru\u017cyna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East Center of Burns Treatment and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3360-716X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Surowiecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Microsurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"East Center of Burns Treatment and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, February 10). 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