{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T18:35:16Z","timestamp":1769884516761,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Antibiotics are routinely prescribed for odontogenic abscesses in emergency departments and dental offices. Augmentin is recommended for moderate to severe dentofacial infections. It is usually prescribed in two popular regimens, namely twice (bid) or three times (tid) per day. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of two different formulations of amoxicillin\u2013clavulanate, 875\/125 mg bid versus 500\/125 mg tid, for the treatment of acute dental apical abscesses with orofacial involvement. Methods: Sixty-one patients with acute apical abscesses were prescribed Augmentin in either an 875\/125 mg bid or 500\/125 mg tid formulation. The patients were tested for inflammatory markers upon admission and again after 72 h. Results: Although all patients experienced a decrease in inflammatory markers over 72 h of antibiotic therapy, there was a statistically significant greater decrease in white blood cells and neutrophils in the patients receiving the 500\/125 mg tid regimen. Conclusions: A 500\/125 mg tid Augmentin regimen results in a greater decline in inflammatory markers than 875\/125 mg bid over 72 h in the setting of dentofacial infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj14020071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T16:13:48Z","timestamp":1769444028000},"page":"71","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing the Efficacy of Antibiotic Therapy: A Retrospective Study Comparing 875 mg vs. 500 mg of Amoxicillin\/Clavulanic Acid for the Management of Acute Apical Abscesses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tal","family":"Capucha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaul","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Endodontics and Dental Trauma, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dani","family":"Noy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel"},{"name":"The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chaim","family":"Ohayon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mordechai","family":"Grupper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2275-7402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Moreinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Galilee College of Dental Sciences, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 22100, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Rothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Division, Albert Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5926-9723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dekel","family":"Shilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel"},{"name":"The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omri","family":"Emodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel"},{"name":"The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adi","family":"Rachmiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel"},{"name":"The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7073-9730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roni","family":"Dakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Endodontics and Dental Trauma, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00082-12","article-title":"Microbiology and treatment of acute apical abscesses","volume":"26","author":"Siqueira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13678","article-title":"Present status and future directions: Managing endodontic emergencies","volume":"55","author":"Abbott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/46.6.1033","article-title":"An analysis of antibiotic prescriptions from general dental practitioners in England","volume":"46","author":"Palmer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"301","article-title":"Antibiotic prescribing practices by dentists: A review","volume":"6","author":"Khraisat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4801190a","article-title":"Are antibiotics being used appropriately for emergency dental treatment?","volume":"191","author":"Dailey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1308\/205016814813877333","article-title":"Inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics in primary dental care: Reasons and resolutions","volume":"3","author":"Cope","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prim. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laxminarayan, R., and Chaudhury, R.R. (2016). Antibiotic Resistance in India: Drivers and Opportunities for Action. PLoS Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001974"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12164","article-title":"Epidemiology and variables involved in dental abscess: Survey of dental emergency unit in Trieste","volume":"20","author":"Ottaviani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4808195","article-title":"The effect of amoxycillin versus penicillin V in the treatment of acutely abscessed primary teeth","volume":"174","author":"Paterson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12781","article-title":"European Society of Endodontology position statement: The use of antibiotics in endodontics","volume":"51","author":"Gould","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12741","article-title":"Antibiotics in Endodontics: A review","volume":"50","author":"Gould","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1053\/srin.2002.34694","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of oral anaerobic bacteria and their effect on the management of upper respiratory tract and head and neck infections","volume":"17","author":"Brook","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Infect."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.11.028","article-title":"Oral amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid: Properties, indications and usage","volume":"26","author":"Huttner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130401500604","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Apical Periodontitis and the Causes of Endodontic Failures","volume":"15","author":"Nair","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13501","article-title":"Outcome measures to assess the effectiveness of endodontic treatment for pulpitis and apical periodontitis for use in the development of European Society of Endodontology (ESE) S3 level clinical practice guidelines: A protocol","volume":"54","author":"Duncan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2016.03.017","article-title":"Neutrophil left shift and white blood cell count as markers of bacterial infection","volume":"457","author":"Honda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0b013e32834ddb68","article-title":"Severe dental infections in the emergency department","volume":"19","author":"Ryan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cope, A., Francis, N., Wood, F., Mann, M.K., and Chestnutt, I.G. (2014). Systemic antibiotics for symptomatic apical periodontitis and acute apical abscess in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD010136.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010136.pub2"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/00004770-200101000-00019","article-title":"Effect of Prophylactic Amoxicillin on Endodontic Flare-Up in Asymptomatic, Necrotic Teeth","volume":"27","author":"Pickenpaugh","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Association of Endodontists (2017). AAE Position Statement: AAE Guidance on the Use of Systemic Antibiotics in Endodontics. J. Endod., 43, 1409\u20131413.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2017.08.015"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034508328124","article-title":"The microbiota of acute apical abscesses","volume":"88","author":"Siqueira","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.4065\/80.7.923","article-title":"How to Interpret and Pursue an Abnormal Complete Blood Cell Count in Adults","volume":"80","author":"Tefferi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2025, February 09). NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/publications\/dictionaries\/cancer-terms."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"96\u2013114; quiz 115\u2013117","article-title":"Understanding the complete blood count with differential","volume":"18","author":"Parker","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. PeriAnesthesia Nurs."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agnello, L., Giglio, R.V., Bivona, G., Scazzone, C., Gambino, C.M., Iacona, A., Ciaccio, A.M., Sasso, B.L., and Ciaccio, M. (2021). The Value of a Complete Blood Count (CBC) for Sepsis Diagnosis and Prognosis. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11101881"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/107.5.582","article-title":"The diagnostic value of the neutrophil left shift in predicting inflammatory and infectious disease","volume":"107","author":"Seebach","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3773","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08554.x","article-title":"Dual control of C-reactive protein gene expression by interleukin-1 and interleukin-6","volume":"8","author":"Ganter","year":"1989","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48487","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R400025200","article-title":"C-reactive Protein","volume":"279","author":"Black","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.11.005","article-title":"C-reactive protein and implications in rheumatoid arthritis and associated comorbidities","volume":"51","author":"Pope","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2006.02.025","article-title":"Extremely elevated C-reactive protein","volume":"17","author":"Vanderschueren","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Nehring, S.M., Goyal, A., and Patel, B.C. (2025). C Reactive Protein. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing LLC."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200318921","article-title":"C-reactive protein: A critical update","volume":"111","author":"Pepys","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"8732360","article-title":"Effect of Statins on Serum level of hs-CRP and CRP in Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"28","author":"Kandelouei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lokwani, D. (2013). The ABC of CBC: Interpretation of Complete Blood Count and Histograms, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Limited.","DOI":"10.5005\/jp\/books\/11929"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867419833166","article-title":"A meta-analysis of controlled studies comparing the association between clozapine and other antipsychotic medications and the development of neutropenia","volume":"53","author":"Myles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cupp, M.A., Cariolou, M., Tzoulaki, I., Aune, D., Evangelou, E., and Berlanga-Taylor, A.J. (2020). Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and cancer prognosis: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies. BMC Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01817-1"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12943","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12943","article-title":"Neutrophil phenotypes in health and disease","volume":"48","author":"Hellebrekers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e9ndez-Mill\u00e1n, J.A., Le\u00f3n-L\u00f3pez, M., Mart\u00edn-Gonz\u00e1lez, J., Sa\u00faco-M\u00e1rquez, J.J., Cabanillas-Balsera, D., and Segura-Egea, J.J. (2024). Antibiotic Over-Prescription by Dentists in the Treatment of Apical Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13040289"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niemczyk, W., \u017burek, J., Niemczyk, S., K\u0119pa, M., Zi\u0119ba, N., Misio\u0142ek, M., and Wiench, R. (2025). Antibiotic-Loaded Platelet-Rich Fibrin (AL-PRF) as a New Carrier for Antimicrobials: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052140"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.101932","article-title":"Ludwig\u2019s Angina\u2013An emergency: A case report with literature review","volume":"3","author":"Candamourty","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nat. Sci. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0704(02)00062-3","article-title":"Otolaryngologic critical care","volume":"19","author":"Bansal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit. Care Clin."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.12.030","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Ludwig\u2019s angina: An evidence-based review","volume":"41","author":"Bridwell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1086\/344653","article-title":"Prevention of resistance: A goal for dose selection for antimicrobial agents","volume":"36","author":"Drusano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2003.09.001","article-title":"Persistence of antibiotic resistant bacteria","volume":"6","author":"Andersson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/48.suppl_1.5","article-title":"Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations","volume":"48","author":"Andrews","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3511","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34644","article-title":"Effect of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on the C-reactive protein level in rheumatoid arthritis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"64","author":"Tarp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Xie, H., Wang, Y., Wang, H., Hu, J., and Zhang, G. (2022). Pharmacodynamic Parameters of Pharmacokinetic\/Pharmacodynamic (PK\/PD) Integration Models. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.860472"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.26.9.1320","article-title":"Application of antimicrobial pharmacodynamic concepts into clinical practice: Focus on beta-lactam antibiotics: Insights from the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists","volume":"26","author":"Lodise","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.1.3.351","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics of antimicrobials: Treatment optimisation","volume":"1","author":"Gillespie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2012.05715.x","article-title":"\u03b2-lactam pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in critically ill patients and strategies for dose optimization: A structured review","volume":"39","author":"Sinnollareddy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.23442","article-title":"Head and neck fascia and compartments: No space for spaces","volume":"36","author":"Guidera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2016.11.004","article-title":"Odontogenic Infections","volume":"61","author":"Ogle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.124.8.921","article-title":"A combination of amoxicillin and clavulanate every 12 hours vs every 8 hours for treatment of acute bacterial maxillary sinusitis","volume":"124","author":"Seggev","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00179917","article-title":"Amoxicillin concentrations in nasal secretions of patients with acute uncomplicated sinusitis and in paranasal sinus mucosa of patients with chronic sinusitis","volume":"252","author":"Kment","year":"1995","journal-title":"Euro. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."}],"container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/14\/2\/71\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T05:16:03Z","timestamp":1769836563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/14\/2\/71"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["dj14020071"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj14020071","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-6767"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-6767","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]}}}