{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T17:33:11Z","timestamp":1772645591800,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This in vitro study compared color stability, surface properties, and microbial adhesion of four gingival epithesis materials (silicone: Gingivamoll\u00ae; nylon: Valplast\u00ae; PETG-based high-performance polymer: Eldy Plus\u00ae; PMMA: Palapress\u00ae) after staining. Methods: Standardized specimens (10 \u00d7 10 \u00d7 2 mm; n = 18\/material) underwent 15 or 30 staining cycles (sequential immersion in coffee, curry, tea, and 40% alcohol). Color (CIELAB) and color difference (\u0394E00), gloss (G), and surface roughness (Ra) were measured at baseline and after 15 and 30 cycles; surface morphology was assessed by SEM. Microbial adhesion was assessed using a six-species biofilm model and quantified as log CFU at baseline and after 15 and 30 cycles. Results: All materials showed clinically relevant discoloration (\u0394E00 &gt; 2). Valplast\u00ae exhibited the greatest color change (p &lt; 0.05), while color change in other materials remained lower. Gingivamoll\u00ae showed the lowest gloss and highest roughness, whereas other materials remained smoother; roughness increased significantly over time (p &lt; 0.05). SEM revealed a coating on the hard materials and nodular agglomerates on silicone. Biofilm CFU did not differ over time or between materials (all p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: Staining induced material-dependent changes in color and surface properties, with Valplast\u00ae most prone to discoloration and silicone showing high roughness and nodular surface changes, contrasting with coatings on hard materials. Microbial adhesion analysis yielded pilot-level results, intended to inform the design of future investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj14030142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T13:11:36Z","timestamp":1772629896000},"page":"142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Vitro Comparison of Gingival Epithesis Materials: Color Stability, Surface Properties, and Microbial Adhesion After Staining"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ellen","family":"Pick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4608-2034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Gubler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6141-1263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Attin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1377-0325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick R.","family":"Schmidlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.225","article-title":"Oral status and aesthetics after nonsurgical periodontal treatment: Do patient\u2019s perception and dentist\u2019s evaluation agree?","volume":"5","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. 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