{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T19:43:49Z","timestamp":1773344629582,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The increasing use of digital manufacturing techniques in prosthodontics has raised concerns regarding the long-term esthetic performance of provisional restorations. This in vitro study aimed to compare the color stability of provisional restorations fabricated by additive (3D-printed) and subtractive (milled) manufacturing techniques after immersion in common staining beverages. Methods: Eighty polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based specimens (16 \u00d7 1 mm) were fabricated and divided into two groups: additive (n = 40) and subtractive (n = 40). Each group was immersed in coffee, red wine, green tea, or cola for 60 and 120 h at 37 \u00b0C. Color measurements were recorded using a spectrophotometer in the CIE LCh* system, and color differences (\u0394E00) were calculated using the CIEDE2000 formula. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc tests (\u03b1 = 0.05). Results: Additively manufactured specimens showed significantly higher color change (\u0394E00) values than subtractively milled specimens across all immersion media and time intervals (p &lt; 0.05). Red wine and coffee caused the greatest discoloration, whereas cola produced the least effect. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, additive manufacturing resulted in lower color stability than subtractive fabrication. Subtractive PMMA materials exhibited superior optical behavior, suggesting their suitability for long-term provisionalization in esthetically demanding clinical situations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj14030164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T09:23:03Z","timestamp":1773307383000},"page":"164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Common Staining Beverages on the Color Stability of Additively and Subtractively Manufactured Provisional Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1200-926X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Ferreiroa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry and Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0644-1589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle Lissette","family":"Ortiz-Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, European University of Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9756-1709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Orejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, European University of Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4570-5974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, European University of Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Godoy-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, European University of Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(05)80004-6","article-title":"Color stability of provisional materials in vivo","volume":"65","author":"Koumjian","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. 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