{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T10:36:02Z","timestamp":1775039762525,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To investigate the effects of three-bite plane appliance (TBP) therapy on maximal occlusal force (MOF) in growing patients. Methods: This study included 120 children (aged 9\u201310 years) diagnosed with Class I, Class II, or Class III malocclusion. All subjects presented with a deep bite and a normodivergent growth pattern. MOF was recorded at baseline (T0) and after 12 months of treatment (T1). A standardized multi-bite protocol was used to improve reproducibility. Paired t-tests or Wilcoxon tests assessed intragroup differences, while Welch\u2019s ANOVA with Games\u2013Howell post hoc testing evaluated intergroup variation. Results: Significant intragroup differences were found for all groups (p &lt; 0.001). Class I subjects demonstrated a reduction in MOF (\u0394 = \u2212138.3 N; p &lt; 0.001), whereas Class II (\u0394 = 113.35 N; p &lt; 0.001) and Class III (\u0394 = 145.6 N; p &lt; 0.001) subjects showed significant increases. Intergroup comparison revealed a significant overall difference in MOF change (F = 41.35; p &lt; 0.001). Post hoc analysis confirmed significant differences between Class I and both Class II and III, while no significant difference was detected between Class II and III. Conclusions: Treatment with a three-bite plane appliance modifies MOF in growing patients, showing malocclusion-specific adaptation patterns. The reduction observed in Class I contrasts with the functional enhancement detected in Class II and Class III subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj14040198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T08:08:34Z","timestamp":1775030914000},"page":"198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Occlusal Force Changes in Growing Patients Treated with the Three Bite Plane Appliance: A Prospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4382-5074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Lorusso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Dental School of Foggia, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela Pia","family":"Cazzolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Lum University, 70010 Casamassima, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8646-9824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Tepedino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Dental School of L\u2019Aquila, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4232-7457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"D\u2019Angelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Dental School of Foggia, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1820-899X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fariba","family":"Esperouz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Dental School of Foggia, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6127-6105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucio","family":"Lo Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Dental School of Foggia, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3114-6048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Ciavarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Dental School of Foggia, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2319\/021209-98.1","article-title":"Functional occlusal patterns and their relationship to static occlusion","volume":"80","author":"Bataineh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Liu, L., Ma, X., Jin, X., Zhang, Z., Jia, X., Fan, J., Tang, H., and Li, Y. 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