{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T11:52:05Z","timestamp":1776858725964,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Down syndrome (DS) is characterised by a marked susceptibility to early-onset severe periodontitis, suggesting an intrinsic host predisposition. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) gene variants may influence inflammatory burden, yet DS-specific evidence is limited. Methods: Nineteen Caucasian adults with DS underwent a comprehensive periodontal examination and received a periodontal diagnosis according to the AAP\/EFP 2018 classification. Buccal swabs were genotyped by real-time PCR for IL1A \u2212889, IL1B +3954 and IL1RN +2018; the composite IL1A\/B genotype was also evaluated. Results: All participants presented advanced, generalized periodontitis (Stage III\/IV: 37%\/63%; Grade B\/C: 32%\/68%). Variant alleles were detected in 63% for IL1A, 53% for IL1B and 37% for IL1RN, and the composite IL-1A\/B genotype in 47%. Variant carriage showed associations with higher Clinical Attachment Loss (IL1A p = 0.03; IL1B p = 0.002; composite p = 0.012) and Bleeding on Probing (IL1A p = 0.02; IL1RN p = 0.05; composite p = 0.04). The composite genotype was associated with Stage IV (p = 0.027) and Grade C (p = 0.005), and tooth loss was greater among variant carriers for all polymorphisms (p = 0.01). Conclusions: In this DS cohort with advanced periodontitis, IL-1 variants (particularly the composite IL1A\/B genotype) were frequently observed and were associated with greater periodontal severity and tooth loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj14050246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T10:38:14Z","timestamp":1776854294000},"page":"246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interleukin-1 Polymorphisms in Caucasian Adults with Down Syndrome and Advanced Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7312-802X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Montevecchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Division of Periodontology and Implantology, School of Dentistry, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3097-9670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leoluca","family":"Valeriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Division of Periodontology and Implantology, School of Dentistry, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, e-Campus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3249","article-title":"Evaluation of the incidence of dental caries in patients with Down syndrome after their inser-tion in a preventive program","volume":"15","author":"Marta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Sa\u00fade Coletiva"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S219","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12951","article-title":"Periodontal manifestations of systemic diseases and developmental and acquired conditions: Consensus report of workgroup 3 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions","volume":"45","author":"Jepsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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