{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T02:51:02Z","timestamp":1791341462290,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dunarea de Jos University","award":["RO50411550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO50411550"]}]},{"award":["RO50411550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO50411550"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/009kx9832","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Periodontitis affects approximately 7\u201311% of the global adult population in its severe forms and has been epidemiologically associated with cardiovascular, cardiometabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases. Low-grade chronic inflammation represents the unifying mechanism; however, an integrative framework connecting the oral cavity, the gut, and the brain into a single mechanistic continuum is lacking. Objective: This narrative review, conducted with structured (but non-systematic) elements and PRISMA-2020 style reporting used solely as a transparency tool, synthesizes current evidence on the oral\u2013gut\u2013brain axis. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed\/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (2000\u2013March 2026), yielding 159 included studies after structured screening and eligibility assessment. The review focuses on: the molecular mechanisms by which periodontal dysbiosis may disrupt intestinal homeostasis and contribute to neuroinflammation; the role of salivary and intestinal biomarkers as monitoring tools for the entire axis; and emerging pharmacological opportunities targeting this tripartite pathway. Results: Periodontal pathogens, particularly Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Fusobacterium nucleatum, have been detected ectopically in the gut and are associated with reduced tight junction protein expression and altered Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes ratios in preclinical and observational studies. These perturbations have been associated with increased blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) permeability, microglial activation, and amyloid-beta (A\u03b2) accumulation, although causal directionality in humans remains to be established. Salivary biomarkers (MMP-8, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, BDNF) and intestinal biomarkers (short-chain fatty acids, calprotectin) reflect systemic inflammatory burden and offer potential for non-invasive screening. Conclusions: The oral\u2013gut\u2013brain axis provides a plausible unifying framework for understanding comorbidity among periodontal, cardiometabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases; however, current evidence is predominantly associative, and mechanistic extrapolation from preclinical models requires validation in longitudinal human studies. Salivary biomarkers may serve as candidate first-line tools for systemic risk assessment, and pharmacological interventions targeting this axis represent promising investigational directions warranting further clinical evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj14050289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T15:39:32Z","timestamp":1778513972000},"page":"289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Oral\u2013Gut\u2013Brain Axis: From Periodontal Dysbiosis to Neuroinflammation\u2014Mechanistic Pathways, Salivary and Intestinal Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Targets: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Caterina Nela","family":"Dumitru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u021bi, 35 Al. I. Cuza Street, Gala\u021bi County, 800010 Gala\u021bi, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cSf. Cuvioasa Parascheva\u201d Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Gala\u021bi County, 800179 Gala\u021bi, Romania"},{"name":"Pharmaceutic Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Galati, 800201 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5657-5456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina Oana","family":"Dumitru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u021bi, 35 Al. I. Cuza Street, Gala\u021bi County, 800010 Gala\u021bi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Valeriu","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u021bi, 35 Al. I. Cuza Street, Gala\u021bi County, 800010 Gala\u021bi, Romania"},{"name":"Dental-Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Galati, 800201 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teodora","family":"Marcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u021bi, 35 Al. I. Cuza Street, Gala\u021bi County, 800010 Gala\u021bi, Romania"},{"name":"Dental-Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Galati, 800201 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1966-5737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Ursu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u021bi, 35 Al. I. Cuza Street, Gala\u021bi County, 800010 Gala\u021bi, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cSf. Ioan\u201d Clinical Emergency Pediatric Hospital in Galati, 800487 Galati, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University, 800008 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurel","family":"Nechita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u021bi, 35 Al. I. Cuza Street, Gala\u021bi County, 800010 Gala\u021bi, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cSf. Ioan\u201d Clinical Emergency Pediatric Hospital in Galati, 800487 Galati, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University, 800008 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicoleta Madalina","family":"Matei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u021bi, 35 Al. I. Cuza Street, Gala\u021bi County, 800010 Gala\u021bi, Romania"},{"name":"Dental-Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Galati, 800201 Galati, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cSf. 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