{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T11:05:57Z","timestamp":1779361557668,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Oral health problems among adolescents in Indonesia remain high, particularly in Gorontalo City. Conventional education approaches are often insufficient to promote sustained behavioral change. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of combined face-to-face and mobile-based Motivational Interviewing (MI) on oral hygiene status (OHI-S), knowledge, and toothbrushing behavior among adolescents. Methods: A quasi-experimental study with a non-randomized control group and repeated measurements was conducted among 100 adolescents aged 15\u201318 years in Gorontalo, Indonesia. Participants were allocated into a combined MI group (face-to-face plus mobile application) and a face-to-face MI group. Knowledge was assessed using a validated 15-item questionnaire, and toothbrushing behavior was measured using a 24-item questionnaire; both instruments used dichotomous scoring and demonstrated good reliability (Cronbach\u2019s alpha = 0.82 and 0.85, respectively). Oral hygiene status was evaluated clinically using the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) by a calibrated examiner (\u03ba = 0.82). Outcomes were measured at baseline and at three follow-up points over three months. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann\u2013Whitney U test, with significance set at p &lt; 0.05. Results: Within-group analyses showed improvements across all outcomes in both groups (p &lt; 0.05). The combined MI group demonstrated greater improvements compared to the face-to-face group, with median knowledge scores increasing from 4 to 8 versus 5 to 7 (between-group p = 0.002), toothbrushing behavior from 10 to 15 versus 12 to 13 (p = 0.001), and OHI-S scores decreasing from 3.2 to 1.4 versus 2.8 to 2.0 (p &lt; 0.001). These findings indicate a greater magnitude of change in the combined intervention group. Conclusions: The combined face-to-face and mobile-based MI approach was associated with greater improvements in oral hygiene status, knowledge, and toothbrushing behavior among adolescents compared to face-to-face MI alone. However, due to the non-randomized design, the findings should be interpreted as associations rather than causal effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj14050316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T09:29:58Z","timestamp":1779355798000},"page":"316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effectiveness of Combined Face-to-Face and Mobile-Based Motivational Interviewing on Oral Hygiene Status and Behavior Among Adolescents in Gorontalo, Indonesia: A Quasi-Experimental Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8073-5862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deliyana Imelda","family":"Katili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8562-8830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayub Irmadani","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1088-668X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ichlas Nanang","family":"Afandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8076-3926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irfan","family":"Sugianto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3311-6686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Arsunan","family":"Arsin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3196-3259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Indra Fajarwati","family":"Ibnu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion and Science Behaviour, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9319-0656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurlindah","family":"Hamrun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6533-3824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irwan","family":"Irwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Sport and Health, Gorontalo State University, Gorontalo 96128, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lipsky, M.S., Singh, T., Zakeri, G., and Hung, M. 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