{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T14:47:39Z","timestamp":1782398859842,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health, Current Research IRCCS"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Orthodontically induced external root resorption (ERR) may affect long-term tooth stability, requiring a reliable assessment of root length changes. This study developed an artificial intelligence (AI)-based framework for automatic segmentation and quantitative evaluation of root resorption, comparing fixed appliances and clear aligner therapy. Methods: A dataset of 100 anonymised orthopantomographic (OPG) radiographs (50 fixed appliance, 50 clear aligner) obtained before and after orthodontic treatment was analysed. A U-Net model was trained for automatic tooth segmentation and quantitative assessment of tooth length changes. Measurements were computed from both AI-predicted and Dentist-annotated masks using pixel-based Python analysis (Python version 3.6), and pre-post differences were compared between methods. Results: The segmentation model achieved high performance with Intersection over Union values up to 89% and Dice Similarity Coefficients up to 95%. Quantitative analysis demonstrated significant reductions in root length following orthodontic treatment in both modalities (p &lt; 0.0001). In the fixed appliance group, AI-based measurements showed an average root length reduction of 8.95%, while human measurements indicated a reduction of 10.16%. In the clear aligner group, AI measurements demonstrated a reduction of 2.81%, compared with 4.98% in human measurements. Root resorption was significantly greater in the fixed appliance group than in the clear aligner group (p &lt; 0.0001). AI-derived measurements showed strong agreement with expert evaluations. Conclusions: AI-based analysis of panoramic radiographs may provide a reliable and reproducible approach for quantifying orthodontically induced root resorption. The findings suggest that clear aligner therapy was associated with lower root length reduction; however, larger multi-centre studies and external validation are required before clinical implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj14070392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T12:37:55Z","timestamp":1782391075000},"page":"392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AI-Driven Quantitative Dental Imaging: A Clinical Framework for Assessing Root Resorption Across Treatment Modalities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Atanaz","family":"Darvizeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, UIC Barcelona International University of Catalonia, 08195 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3367-4952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saman","family":"Fouladi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8684-835X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, UIC Barcelona International University of Catalonia, 08195 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0351-2442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Doria Jaureguizar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, UIC Barcelona International University of Catalonia, 08195 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oriol","family":"Quevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, UIC Barcelona International University of Catalonia, 08195 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"de la Iglesia Beyme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, UIC Barcelona International University of Catalonia, 08195 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2354-361X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Funda","family":"Goker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Ayd\u0131n University, 34295 Istanbul, Turkey"},{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7144-0984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Del Fabbro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"Root resorption in relation to orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"49","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Medica"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2009.01.015","article-title":"External Cervical Resorption: A Review","volume":"35","author":"Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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