{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:41:09Z","timestamp":1785415269559,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["101097036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101097036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["101097036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101097036"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background Peri-implant diseases are primarily driven by microbial biofilm accumulation on the implant surface, leading to inflammatory destruction of the soft and hard tissues supporting dental implants, with progressive marginal bone loss and potential implant failure. Objectives: To analyze the subgingival microbial profiles of peri-implant sites and adjacent teeth in peri-implantitis and to assess the modifying effects of smoking and periodontal status. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 43 adults (mean age: 54.5 years) contributed 100 dental implants and 50 adjacent natural teeth. Implants were classified as healthy implants (HI; n = 74) or peri-implantitis sites (PI; n = 26), and sampled teeth (TT) were categorized as periodontally diseased (n = 19) or periodontally healthy (n = 31). Subgingival biofilm was collected with sterile paper points and analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction using the Paro x panel (ADD Laboral), which reported qualitative and quantitative data for 22 bacterial taxa. Additional subgroup analyses were performed according to smoking and periodontal status. Results: Peri-implantitis sites showed a significantly greater bacterial load than adjacent teeth for 10 taxa after false discovery rate correction, including Campylobacter rectus (\u03b2 = 1.292, 95% CI 0.773\u20131.811; adjusted p = 2.38 \u00d7 10\u22125) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (\u03b2 = 1.374, 95% CI 0.730\u20132.019; adjusted p = 3.22 \u00d7 10\u22124). Additional significant increases at peri-implantitis sites were observed for the Streptococcus constellatus group, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Eubacterium nodatum, Filifactor alocis, Parvimonas micra, Tannerella forsythia, Actinomyces odontolyticus, and Treponema denticola. In contrast, no taxon differed significantly in bacterial load between HI and TT after multiple-testing correction, and no taxon remained significant in prevalence analyses for either PI versus TT or HI versus TT. Clinically, significantly higher proportions of bleeding on probing and suppuration were present in PI sites vs. HI sites (96.15% of PI sites compared with 28.38%, 2.7%, 18.00%, and 8.00% of TT sites, respectively). Subgroup analyses by smoking and periodontal status suggested additional variation in microbial overlap, but these findings should be interpreted with caution given the limited subgroup sizes, particularly among smokers. Conclusions: Peri-implant and adjacent tooth sites shared substantial microbiological overlap; however, peri-implantitis sites showed higher detection frequencies and bacterial loads for selected taxa, whereas comparisons between healthy implant and tooth sites were less consistent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj14070394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T08:45:20Z","timestamp":1782722720000},"page":"394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Subgingival Microbial Profiles at Peri-Implant and Adjacent Tooth Sites: A Cross-Sectional Quantitative PCR Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ioana","family":"Suciu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Romanian Academy, School of Advanced Studies of the Romanian Academy (SCOSAAR), Calea 13 Septembrie 13, 050711 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2492-6073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Ru\u021b\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Romanian Academy, School of Advanced Studies of the Romanian Academy (SCOSAAR), Calea 13 Septembrie 13, 050711 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Stefan S. Nicolau\u2019s Institute of Virology, 030304 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8455-6177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Suciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BEIA Consult International S.R.L., Research and Development Department, 18\u201322 Peroni Street, 041386 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahrmann, P., Gilli, A., Wiedemeier, A.K., Attin, C., Schmidlin, P.R., and Karygianni, T. (2020). The microbiome of peri-implantitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8050661"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.12052","article-title":"Cluster of bacteria associated with peri-implantitis","volume":"16","author":"Persson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.11607\/jomi.3947","article-title":"Microbiologic and Clinical Findings of Implants in Healthy Condition and with Peri-Implantitis","volume":"30","author":"Canullo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implant."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"39","article-title":"The Microbiome of Peri-implantitis Using Next-Generation Sequencing with 16S rRNA Gene: A Systematic Review","volume":"5","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Periodontics Implant Dent."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-020-00155-7","article-title":"Strong oral plaque microbiome signatures for dental implant diseases identified by strain-resolution metagenomics","volume":"6","author":"Ghensi","year":"2020","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1615\/JLongTermEffMedImplants.2022044320","article-title":"Bacterial Profile Associated with Peri-Implantitis: A Systematic Review","volume":"33","author":"Rajasekar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Long.-Term. Eff. Med. Implant."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.14153","article-title":"Microbiota associated with peri-implantitis\u2014A systematic review with meta-analyses","volume":"34","author":"Carvalho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.13330","article-title":"History of periodontitis as a risk factor for implant failure and incidence of peri-implantitis: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"26","author":"Serroni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S286","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12957","article-title":"Peri-implant diseases and conditions: Consensus report of workgroup 4 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions","volume":"45","author":"Berglundh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85305-3","article-title":"Comparison of three qPCR-based commercial tests for detection of periodontal pathogens","volume":"11","author":"Rijnen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diaz, P., Gonzalo, E., Gil Villagra, L.J., Miegimolle, B., and Suarez, M.J. (2022). What is the prevalence of peri-implantitis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02493-8"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.56609\/jac.v42i2.396","article-title":"Peri-implantitis: A comprehensive review of recent findings","volume":"42","author":"Zangani","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Cosmetol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Padial-Molina, M., Montalvo-Acosta, S., Mart\u00edn-Morales, N., P\u00e9rez-Carrasco, V., Magan-Fernandez, A., Mesa, F., O\u2019Valle, F., Garcia-Salcedo, J.A., and Galindo-Moreno, P. (2024). The Oral Microbiome of Peri-Implant Health and Disease: A Narrative Review. Dent. J., 12."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chun Giok, K., and Menon, R.K. (2023). The Microbiome of Peri-Implantitis: A Systematic Review of Next-Generation Sequencing Studies. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12111610"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parga, A., Pose-Rodr\u00edguez, J.M., Muras, A., Blanco, B., Tom\u00e1s, T., Blanco, I., and Parga-Liste, M. (2024). Do Concurrent Peri-Implantitis and Periodontitis Share Their Microbiotas? A Pilot Study. Dent. J., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj12040113"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6602","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06602","article-title":"Intraindividual variation in core microbiota in peri-implantitis and periodontitis","volume":"4","author":"Maruyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12557","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological findings in patients with peri-implantitis: A cross-sectional study","volume":"27","author":"Canullo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12788","article-title":"Exploring the microbiome of healthy and diseased peri-implant sites using Illumina sequencing","volume":"44","author":"Teles","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Spirito, F., Giordano, F., Di Palo, M.P., Cannat\u00e0, S., Giordano, R., and Squillace, A. (2024). Microbiota of Peri-Implant Healthy Tissues, Peri-Implant Mucositis, and Peri-Implantitis: A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12061137"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2012.01856.x","article-title":"Pyrosequencing reveals unique microbial signatures associated with healthy and failing dental implants","volume":"39","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345211000656","article-title":"Filifactor alocis: Recent Insights and Advances","volume":"100","author":"Aja","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02419.x","article-title":"Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque","volume":"25","author":"Socransky","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, L., Feng, Z., Zhou, Q., Wang, Q., Xiao, Y., and Liu, Y. (2024). Metagenomic analysis of healthy and diseased peri-implant microbiome under different periodontal conditions: A cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03442-9"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520949851","article-title":"Microbial Community-Driven Etiopathogenesis of Peri-Implantitis","volume":"100","author":"Belibasakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2005.76.9.1490","article-title":"Subgingival microbiota in peri-implant mucosa lesions and adjacent teeth in partially edentulous patients","volume":"76","author":"Botero","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8208.2009.00260.x","article-title":"Transmission of periodontopathic bacteria from natural teeth to implants","volume":"14","author":"Aoki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12508","article-title":"Periodontal and peri-implant microbiota in patients with healthy and inflamed periodontal and peri-implant tissues","volume":"27","author":"Zhuang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515590581","article-title":"The Influence of Smoking on the Peri-Implant Microbiome","volume":"94","author":"Tsigarida","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2014.130291","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility of periodontal Streptococcus constellatus and Streptococcus intermedius clinical isolates","volume":"85","author":"Rams","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12834","article-title":"Peri-implant and periodontal microbiome diversity in aggressive periodontitis patients: A pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Sousa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."}],"container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/14\/7\/394\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T04:46:10Z","timestamp":1782967570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/14\/7\/394"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["dj14070394"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj14070394","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-6767"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-6767","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]}}}