{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T10:15:59Z","timestamp":1783419359846,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Plovdiv"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Crown lengthening procedures are widely used in restorative and periodontal therapy to expose sufficient tooth structure for functional and esthetic rehabilitation. Traditionally performed using an open-flap approach, these procedures have evolved with the introduction of minimally invasive flapless techniques. This narrative review aims to summarize the biological foundations, clinical outcomes, and contemporary approaches associated with crown lengthening procedures, with particular emphasis on flapless and flap techniques, healing processes, technological advancements, and clinical decision-making considerations. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, to identify relevant publications on crown lengthening procedures. The search focused on studies addressing flapless and flap techniques, biological principles, healing dynamics, clinical outcomes, postoperative considerations, and contemporary approaches such as laser-assisted and digitally guided procedures. Titles and abstracts were screened for relevance, followed by full-text assessment of eligible articles. The study selection process was documented using a simplified PRISMA-style flow diagram to enhance transparency. Results: The reviewed literature suggests that flapless crown lengthening may be associated with reduced surgical time, less postoperative discomfort, faster healing, and preservation of soft tissue architecture in appropriately selected cases. However, its applicability appears to be influenced by anatomical factors, including bone morphology and the need for adequate visualization during osseous recontouring. Conventional flap techniques continue to be widely used and may offer improved surgical access and visibility, particularly in more complex situations requiring extensive bone modification. Although these procedures have been associated with longer healing periods and greater postoperative morbidity, the heterogeneity of the available evidence and the narrative nature of this review limit definitive comparisons between the two approaches. Conclusions: In conclusion, both flapless and flap crown lengthening procedures demonstrate high clinical efficacy when appropriately indicated. The choice of technique should be guided by case-specific factors, clinician expertise, and patient expectations. Further randomized controlled trials are recommended to strengthen the evidence base and establish standardized clinical guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj14070413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T08:04:49Z","timestamp":1783411489000},"page":"413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Crown Lengthening Procedures: Biological Foundations, Clinical Outcomes, and Contemporary Approaches in Flapless and Flap Techniques\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5464-5734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blagovesta","family":"Yaneva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4995-4724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Pecheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5275-7799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meri","family":"Hristamyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Disaster Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2010.0252","article-title":"Contemporary crown-lengthening therapy: A review","volume":"141","author":"Hempton","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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