{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T13:13:03Z","timestamp":1783689183904,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This scoping review summarized the evidence on the biocompatibility of pit and fissure sealants, focusing on cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and overall biological safety of commercial and experimental materials evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, eligibility was defined using the Population, Concept, and Context (PCC) framework: the population comprised cell cultures, animal models, or human participants exposed to sealants; the concept was biocompatibility, including cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and inflammatory or tissue response; and the context encompassed commercial and experimental pit and fissure sealants used in preventive dentistry, particularly in pediatric populations. PubMed and Scopus platforms were searched without restrictions on publication year or language. Studies assessing biocompatibility (cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, inflammatory or tissue response) in cell cultures, animal models, or humans were eligible; those evaluating only clinical efficacy were excluded. Two reviewers independently performed study selection and data extraction. Results: Of 406 records (291 after deduplication), 10 studies were included\u2014nine in vitro and one in vivo. Resin-based sealants predominated, mainly assessing residual monomers (TEGDMA, Bis-GMA) and their effects on fibroblasts, keratinocytes, periodontal ligament cells, and buccal epithelial cells. TEGDMA was released most frequently, whereas Bis-GMA showed the highest cytotoxicity. Experimental sealants containing nano-calcium fluoride, calcium phosphate, bioactive glass, or antibacterial monomers generally showed favorable biocompatibility, although high additive concentrations reduced cell viability. The single in vivo study reported good biocompatibility without significant genotoxicity. Conclusions: Pit and fissure sealants generally show acceptable biocompatibility and remain safe for caries prevention, although the biological response depends on composition, degree of polymerization, and residual monomer release. Further standardized long-term in vivo research is needed, particularly in pediatric populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj14070425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T11:43:34Z","timestamp":1783683814000},"page":"425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biocompatibility of Pit and Fissure Sealants: Scoping Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3637-7770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Badrov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Medicine and Endodontics, Study of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"},{"name":"Division of Dental Medicine, University Hospital Center of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karmela","family":"D\u017eaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Medicine and Endodontics, Study of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Badrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Split-Dalmatia County Pharmacy, 21204 Dugopolje, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2137-9665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Glavina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dental Medicine, University Hospital Center of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, Study of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5365-9816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonija","family":"Tadin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Medicine and Endodontics, Study of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"},{"name":"Division of Dental Medicine, University Hospital Center of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2014.11.018","article-title":"The American Dental Association Caries Classification System for clinical practice: A report of the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs","volume":"146","author":"Young","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1159\/000356307","article-title":"Caries process on occlusal surfaces: Evolving evidence and understanding","volume":"48","author":"Carvalho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"e604","article-title":"Prevention of dental caries: A review of effective treatments","volume":"8","author":"Sicca","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahovuo-Saloranta, A., Forss, H., Walsh, T., Hiiri, A., Nordblad, A., M\u00e4kel\u00e4, M., and Worthington, H.V. (2013). Sealants for preventing dental decay in the permanent teeth. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD001830.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001830.pub4"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2016.06.003","article-title":"Sealants for preventing and arresting pit-and-fissure occlusal caries in primary and permanent molars: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials-a report of the American Dental Association and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry","volume":"147","author":"Wright","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2006.05.002","article-title":"Polyacid-modified composite resins (\u201ccompomers\u201d) and their use in clinical dentistry","volume":"23","author":"Nicholson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebdp.2017.01.008","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines Proposed the Use of Pit and Fissure Sealants to Prevent and Arrest Noncavitated Carious Lesions","volume":"17","author":"Deery","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Evid. Based Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cvikl, B., Moritz, A., and Bekes, K. (2018). Pit and Fissure Sealants-A Comprehensive Review. Dent. J., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj6020018"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elshahaw, W. (2011). Biocompatibility. Advances in Ceramics\u2014Electric and Magnetic Ceramics, Bioceramics, Ceramics and Environment, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/18475"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"e56169","article-title":"Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Various Composite Resin Materials: An In Vitro Study","volume":"16","author":"Bhatia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"S21","article-title":"Biocompatibility of composite resins","volume":"8","author":"Mousavinasab","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dent. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"e46327","article-title":"A Look Into the Cytotoxicity of Composite Fillings: Friend or Foe?","volume":"15","author":"Mulla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.07.042","article-title":"Investigation of the chemical profile and cytotoxicity evaluation of organic components eluted from pit and fissure sealants","volume":"120","author":"Koulaouzidou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2013.03.009","article-title":"Quantification of elutable substances from methacrylate based sealers and their cytotoxicity effect on human gingival fibroblasts","volume":"29","author":"Furche","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199901)44:1<73::AID-JBM8>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Variability of cytotoxicity and leaching of substances from four light-curing pit and fissure sealants","volume":"44","author":"Geurtsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"90","article-title":"Assessment of monomer release from 3 different fissure sealants","volume":"16","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomater. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/S0109-5641(97)80018-8","article-title":"A study of component release from resin pit and fissure sealants in vitro","volume":"13","author":"Hamid","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.15644\/asc54\/4\/5","article-title":"Comparison of Resin Infiltration Technique with Conventional Preventive Applications on Occlusal Fissures in Terms of Chemical Analysis and SEM","volume":"54","author":"Horuztepe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Stomatol. Croat."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"179","article-title":"Is there a risk of harm or toxicity in the placement of pit and fissure sealant materials? A systematic review","volume":"74","author":"Azarpazhooh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Can. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2016.06.001","article-title":"Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the use of pit-and-fissure sealants: A report of the American Dental Association and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry","volume":"147","author":"Wright","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmae025","article-title":"Impact of Bisphenol A and its alternatives on oocyte health: A scoping review","volume":"30","author":"Peters","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lertwisitphon, P., Worapasphaiboon, Y., Champakanan, N., Toneluck, A., Naruphontjirakul, P., Young, A.M., Chinli, R., Chairatana, P., Sucharit, S., and Panpisut, P. (2025). Enhancing elemental release and antibacterial properties of resin-based dental sealants with calcium phosphate, bioactive glass, and polylysine. BMC Oral Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-05489-2"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2023-166","article-title":"Novel pit and fissure sealant with nano-CaF2 and antibacterial monomer: Fluoride recharge, microleakage, sealing ability and cytotoxicity","volume":"43","author":"Fei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2021.103818","article-title":"Physicochemical and biological evaluation of a triazine-methacrylate monomer into a dental resin","volume":"114","author":"Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.15644\/asc55\/1\/2","article-title":"Assessment of Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effect of Fissure Sealants in Buccal Epithelial Cells","volume":"55","author":"Buterin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Stomatol. Croat."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008615","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2021.2008615","article-title":"Development of antibacterial composite resin containing chitosan\/fluoride microparticles as pit and fissure sealant","volume":"14","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.58837\/CHULA.CUDJ.39.2.1","article-title":"Depth of cure, flexural strength, microhardness, and cytotoxicity of light activated pit and fissure resin-based sealant experimental prototypes","volume":"39","author":"Thunyakitpisal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chulalongkorn Univ. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-014-0269-x","article-title":"In vitro studies on the cytotoxic potential of surface sealants","volume":"76","author":"Zingler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wegehaupt, F.J., Taub\u00f6ck, T.T., Attin, T., and Belibasakis, G.N. (2014). Influence of light-curing mode on the cytotoxicity of resin-based surface sealants. BMC Oral Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-14-48"}],"container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/14\/7\/425\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T12:12:50Z","timestamp":1783685570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/14\/7\/425"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["dj14070425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj14070425","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-6767"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-6767","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]}}}