{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:24:14Z","timestamp":1785435854815,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Graduate Education and Teaching Reform Research Project of Sichuan University","award":["GSSCU2024107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSSCU2024107"]}]},{"award":["GSSCU2024107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSSCU2024107"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011ashp19","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Higher Education Teaching Reform Project of Sichuan University","award":["SCU10173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCU10173"]}]},{"award":["SCU10173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCU10173"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011ashp19","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Clinical Specialty Construction Project","award":["0040305401313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0040305401313"]}]},{"name":"National Research Center for Educational Materials project"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dent. J.","Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pediatric dental diseases, notably dental caries, malocclusion, and dental trauma, remain a significant public health challenge in China, exerting considerable impact on children\u2019s oral and general health. Despite growing societal demand for pediatric dental care, China faces a critical shortage and uneven geographic distribution of pediatric dentists, alongside persistent urban\u2013rural disparities in access to oral health services. These challenges underscore the urgent need for educational reforms, workforce policy adjustments, and assessment of the strengths and limitations of recent training initiatives to enhance pediatric dental service delivery. This narrative review aims to: (I) describe the current structure of pediatric dental education in China and recent reforms, notably the integration of degree education with standardized residency training; (II) summarize the epidemiological burden of dental diseases among Chinese children, together with contributing social and geographic factors; (III) outline national policy initiatives targeting children\u2019s oral health and existing gaps in implementation; and (IV) discuss innovations in dental education, including student-centered pedagogies and humanities integration. This review provides a comprehensive overview of pediatric dentistry in China and offers strategic recommendations to strengthen workforce training, expand service access, and reduce the burden of pediatric oral diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj14070456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T12:00:17Z","timestamp":1784548817000},"page":"456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pediatric Dental Education in China: Current Status, Challenges, and Pathways to Improvement\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yandi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Research Center for Educational Materials, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Research Center for Educational Materials, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Research Center for Educational Materials, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingmei","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Research Center for Educational Materials, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3618-9672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Research Center for Educational Materials, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Research Center for Educational Materials, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"Department of West Outpatient, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"New Progress in Clinical and Basic Research of Pediatric Stomatology","volume":"24","author":"Zou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Stomatol. Contin. Educ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2009.0250","article-title":"Beyond the dmft: The Human and Economic Cost of Early Childhood Caries","volume":"140","author":"Casamassimo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1046\/j..2003.com122.x","article-title":"The World Oral Health Report 2003: Continuous Improvement of Oral Health in the 21st Century\u2014The Approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme","volume":"31","author":"Petersen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"285","article-title":"Report of the National Investigation of Resources for Oral Health in China","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2025). China Health Statistics Yearbook 2025, China Union Medical University Press."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02322-4","article-title":"WHO Calls to End the Global Crisis of Oral Health","volume":"400","author":"Benzian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103349","article-title":"Motivational Interviewing to Prevent Early Childhood Caries: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"97","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4248\/IJOS11006","article-title":"Oral Health in China-Trends and Challenges","volume":"3","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, X., Qi, X., and Wu, B. (2020). Disparities in Dental Service Utilization among Adults in Chinese Megacities: Do Health Insurance and City of Residence Matter?. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186851"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Shi, L., Liang, H., Ding, G., and Xu, L. (2018). Urban-Rural Disparities in Health Care Utilization Among Chinese Adults from 1993 to 2011. BMC Health Serv. Res., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-2905-4"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, H., Xie, T., Li, S., Qiao, X., Lu, Y., and Feng, Y. (2021). Analysis of Oral Microbial Dysbiosis Associated with Early Childhood Caries. BMC Oral Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01543-x"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2016.0800","article-title":"Dental Care Presents the Highest Level of Financial Barriers, Compared to Other Types of Health Care Services","volume":"35","author":"Vujicic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"China Daily (2025, July 01). China Issues Plan on Medical Education Reform, Available online: https:\/\/govt.chinadaily.com.cn\/s\/201707\/11\/WS5ca323da498e079e6801cb0b\/china-issues-plan-on-medical-education-reform.html."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"330","article-title":"Construction and Thoughts of the Talents Training System Focusing on Professional Degrees in Stomatology","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Educ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"615","article-title":"The Integration of the Standardized Resident Training with the Professional Postgraduate Education for the Degree of Stomatology","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Conserv. Dent."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034517693566","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Prevalence, Incidence, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for Oral Conditions for 195 Countries, 1990-2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors","volume":"96","author":"Kassebaum","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)33016-8","article-title":"Oral Diseases: A Global Public Health Challenge","volume":"395","author":"Bawaskar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"72","article-title":"Early Childhood Caries: IAPD Bangkok Declaration","volume":"86","author":"Pitts","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dent. Child."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31678-6","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Incidence, Prevalence, and Years Lived with Disability for 310 Diseases and Injuries, 1990\u20132015","volume":"388","author":"Vos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Wang, X. (2018). The Fourth National Oral Health Epidemiological Investigation Report, People\u2019s Medical Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-021-3730-4","article-title":"New UK Chapter of the Alliance for a Cavity-Free Future","volume":"231","author":"Pitts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12615","article-title":"Association Between Malocclusion and the Severity of Dental Trauma in Primary Teeth","volume":"37","author":"Mathias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol. Off. Publ. Int. Assoc. Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.37.1.y75430328427210j","article-title":"Malocclusion: Social, Functional and Emotional Influence on Children","volume":"37","author":"Marques","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"371","article-title":"The Prevalence of Malocclusion in China-An Investigation of 25,392 Children","volume":"37","author":"Fu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. J. Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4716","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22900-x","article-title":"Prevalence of Malocclusion in Primary Dentition in Mainland China, 1988-2017: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12591","article-title":"Prevalence of Malocclusion in Chinese Schoolchildren from 1991 to 2018: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1993.tb04759.x","article-title":"Malocclusion Prevalence in an Ethnic Chinese Population","volume":"38","author":"Lew","year":"1993","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.2010.00891.x","article-title":"Prevalence of Traumatic Dental injuries in Preschool Children in Kuwait\u2014A Screening Study","volume":"26","author":"Hasan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol. Off. Publ. Int. Assoc. Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1976.tb00972.x-i1","article-title":"A Survey of Traumatized Primary Anterior Teeth in Jerusalem Preschool Children","volume":"4","author":"Zadik","year":"1976","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12149","article-title":"Does Trauma in the Primary Dentition Cause Sequelae in Permanent Successors? A Systematic Review","volume":"31","author":"Lenzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol. Off. Publ. Int. Assoc. Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12578","article-title":"International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries: 1. Fractures and Luxations","volume":"36","author":"Bourguignon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol. Off. Publ. Int. Assoc. Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.2010.00938.x","article-title":"Emergency Dental Injuries Presented at the Beijing Stomatological Hospital in China","volume":"27","author":"Gong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol. Off. Publ. Int. Assoc. Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"345","article-title":"Analysis of Etiology About Emergency Dental Services","volume":"13","author":"Gong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"437","article-title":"Statistical Analysis of 10 000 Night-time Dental Emergency Cases","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12395","article-title":"Epidemiology and Outcomes of Traumatic Dental Injuries: A Review of the Literature","volume":"61","author":"Lam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"652","article-title":"Treatment Strategy of Primary Teeth Trauma","volume":"9","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Pract. Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.2006.00473.x","article-title":"Dental and Oral Trauma During Childhood and Adolescence in Israel: Occurrence, Causes, and Outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Levin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol. Off. Publ. Int. Assoc. Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Li, C., Yue, C., Jiang, X., Cao, J., and Ten Cate, O. (2021). Why Clinical Training in China Should Improve: A Cross-sectional Study of MD Graduates. BMC Med. Educ., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-021-02647-2"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12598","article-title":"Eleven-year Experience Implementing a Dental Undergraduate Research Programme in A Prestigious Dental School in China: Lessons Learned and Future Prospects","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent. Educ. Off. J. Assoc. Dent. Educ. Eur."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61307-6","article-title":"Transformation of the Education of Health Professionals in China: Progress and Challenges","volume":"384","author":"Hou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2022.104303","article-title":"Basic Behavioral Management Techniques in Pediatric Dentistry: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"126","author":"Gizani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.21815\/JDE.019.126","article-title":"Humanities in Predoctoral Dental Education: A Scoping Review","volume":"83","author":"Marti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dent. Educ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2017.01198","article-title":"New Medical Education Reform in China: Towards Healthy China 2030","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"557","article-title":"Impact of Behavioural Factors and Living Conditions on Dental Caries Among Pupils from Shanghai and Jiangxi Province in China: A School-based Cross-sectional Study","volume":"17","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12126","article-title":"Current State of Allocation of Oral Health Human Resources in Northern China and Future Needs","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) (2024, October 10). National Children\u2019s Oral Disease Comprehensive Intervention Project Work Specifications. Available online: https:\/\/www.chinacdc.cn\/was5\/web\/search?searchword=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5%E5%8F%A3%E8%85%94%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%B9%B2%E9%A2%84%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%EF%BC%882014%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89%E5%AE%9A%E7%A8%BF%E4%BC%9A%E5%8F%AC%E5%BC%80&channelid=254386&timescope=&timescopecolumn=&orderby=-%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9F&perpage=10&searchscope=."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-00765-6","article-title":"Nutrition Policy and Healthy China 2030 Building","volume":"75","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.07.023","article-title":"Adolescent Health and Healthy China 2030: A Review","volume":"67","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health Off. Publ. Soc. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2025, July 02). Healthy Oral Action Plan (2019\u20132025), Available online: https:\/\/en.nhc.gov.cn\/2019-03\/05\/c_74897.htm."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"General Office of the State Council of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2025, July 02). Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Issuing the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Health, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/zhengceku\/2022-05\/20\/content_5691424.htm."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebdp.2016.01.015","article-title":"Dental Hygienist-Led Chronic Disease Management System to Control Early Childhood Caries","volume":"16","author":"Ng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Evid.-Based Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"13","article-title":"Medical Dental Integration in Wisconsin: Integrating Dental Hygienists into Pediatric Well Child Visits and Prenatal Care","volume":"97","author":"Linden","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5037.2009.00402.x","article-title":"Dental Hygienists in Europe: Trends Towards Harmonization of Education and Practice Since 2003","volume":"7","author":"Eaton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2004.tb00013.x","article-title":"Oral Health in Iran","volume":"54","author":"Pakshir","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5037.2004.00097.x","article-title":"Dental Hygiene Education in Japan: Present Status and Future Directions","volume":"2","author":"Yoshida","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwak, S.H., Bae, S.M., Shin, S.J., and Shin, B.M. (2023). Definition and Classification of Dental Hygiene Interventions Based on the Dental Hygiene Process of Care: A Delphi Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20176704"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-5037.2003.00017.x","article-title":"Dental Hygienists in Korea","volume":"1","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S362004","article-title":"Caries Risk Assessment and Dental Referral by Paediatric Primary Care Physicians in Sichuan Province, China: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1922\/CDH_4057Dickson-Swift18","article-title":"Supervised Toothbrushing Programs in Primary Schools and Early Childhood Settings: A Scoping Review","volume":"34","author":"Kenny","year":"2017","journal-title":"Community Dent. Health"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogenchuk, M., Graham, J., Uswak, G., Graham, H., Weiler, R., and Ramsden, V.R. (2022). Pediatric Oral Health: Community-based Participatory Research. BMC Pediatr., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03153-0"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1002\/jdd.12593","article-title":"Community Dental Health Coordinators\u2019 Role in Community-based Pediatric Dental Education","volume":"85","author":"Mitchell","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent. Educ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, F., Chen, Y., Yu, Y., Xie, Y., Zhu, H., and Wang, H. (2021). Caries Prevalence of the First Permanent Molars in 6\u20138 Years Old Children. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245345"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"China Oral Health Foundation (2025, July 02). The Mountain Daisy Dream Building Project. Available online: http:\/\/www.cohf.cn\/acs\/510."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, N., Cai, L., Xu, C., Guan, H., and Jin, Y. (2017). Oral Health Knowledge, Behaviors and Parental Practices Among Rural-Urban Migrant Children in Guangzhou: A Follow-up Study. BMC Oral Health, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-017-0385-2"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2009.900","article-title":"Dental Therapy in the United Kingdom: Part 1. Developments in Therapists\u2019 Training and Role","volume":"207","author":"Rowbotham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, M.L., Wang, C.X., Wang, X., Feng, X.P., Tai, B.J., De Hu, Y., Lin, H.C., Wang, B., Zheng, S.G., and Liu, X.N. (2020). Dental Expenditure, Progressivity and Horizontal Inequality in Chinese Adults: Based on the 4th National Oral Health Epidemiology Survey. BMC Oral Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01128-0"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Wulaerhan, J., Liu, Y., Abudureyimu, A., and Zhao, J. (2017). Prevalence of Severe Early Childhood Caries and Associated Socioeconomic and Behavioral Factors in Xinjiang, China: A Cross-sectional Study. BMC Oral Health, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-017-0432-z"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"189","article-title":"Proposal and Thoughts on Establishing and Improving Multi-level Dental Insurance in China","volume":"58","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"807","article-title":"Present Situation and Enlightenment of Continuing Education of Dental Hygienists in America","volume":"36","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Pract. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.1998.62.9.tb03223.x","article-title":"The Essentials of Problem-based Learning","volume":"62","author":"Barrows","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Dent. Educ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2001.65.5.tb03410.x","article-title":"The Changing Face of Dental Education: The Impact of PBL","volume":"65","author":"Fincham","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dent. Educ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2013.77.3.tb05482.x","article-title":"Effectiveness of Problem-based Learning in Chinese Dental Education: A Meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dent. Educ."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12127","DOI":"10.2196\/12127","article-title":"WeChat as a Platform for Problem-based Learning in a Dental Practical Clerkship: Feasibility Study","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e048497","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048497","article-title":"Effectiveness of Case-based Learning in Chinese Dental Education: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mergany, N.N., Dafalla, A.E., and Awooda, E. (2021). Effect of Mobile Learning on Academic Achievement and Attitude of Sudanese Dental Students: A Preliminary Study. BMC Med. Educ., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-021-02509-x"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1002\/jdd.12939","article-title":"Application of Online Learning Combined with Case-based Discussion in Oral Medicine Education","volume":"86","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dent. Educ."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"e61","article-title":"Ethical Relationship in the Dentist-Patient Interaction","volume":"13","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebdp.2020.101442","article-title":"Incorporating Humanities in Dental Education is Essential, But Seldom Routine","volume":"20","author":"Holden","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Evid.-Based Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geng, Y., Zhao, L., Wang, Y., Jiang, Y., Meng, K., and Zheng, D. (2018). Competency Model for Dentists in China: Results of a Delphi Study. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194411"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12859","article-title":"An Exploration of Clinical Communication Needs Among Undergraduate Dental Students","volume":"27","author":"Botelho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent. Educ. Off. J. Assoc. Dent. Educ. Eur."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.105906","article-title":"Dental caries detection in children using intraoral scans and deep learning","volume":"160","author":"Jones","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karam\u00fcft\u00fco\u011flu, N., \u00dc\u00e7punar, B.Y., Birben, \u0130., Altunda\u011f, A.E., Mullao\u011flu, K.\u00d6., and Bal, C. (2026). Artificial Intelligence in Pediatric Dentistry: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Children, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/children13010152"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"1S","article-title":"Caries Diagnosis and Risk Assessment. A Review of Preventive Strategies and Management","volume":"126","author":"Calderone","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebdp.2005.12.004","article-title":"The Evidence Supporting Alternative Management Strategies for Early Occlusal Caries and Suspected Occlusal Dentinal Caries","volume":"6","author":"Bader","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Evid.-Based Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"321","article-title":"Early Childhood Caries: Detection, Prevention, and Referral. A Questionnaire Study of General Medical Practitioners and Pediatricians in the South of France","volume":"30","author":"Blanchet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Organe Off. Soc. Fr. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12405","article-title":"A Protocol for Early Childhood Caries Diagnosis and Risk Assessment","volume":"46","author":"Evans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12454","article-title":"Early Childhood Caries and Related Risk Factors: A Cross-sectional Study of Children in Zhejiang Province, China","volume":"18","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"437","article-title":"Effectiveness of School Dental Health Education on the Oral Health Status and Knowledge of Children: A Systematic Review","volume":"30","author":"Asokan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Res. Off. Publ. Indian Soc. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, X., Houser, S.H., Tian, M., Zhang, Q., Pan, J., and Zhang, W. (2022). Effects of Early Preventive Dental Visits and Its Associations with Dental Caries Experience: A Cross-sectional Study. BMC Oral Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02190-6"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraihat, N., Madae\u2019en, S., Bencze, Z., Herczeg, A., and Varga, O. (2019). Clinical Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Oral-health Promotion in Dental Caries Prevention among Children: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16152668"}],"container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/14\/7\/456\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T09:50:10Z","timestamp":1784800210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/14\/7\/456"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["dj14070456"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj14070456","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-6767"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-6767","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]}}}