{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:50:10Z","timestamp":1785761410963,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dent. J.","Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The recent rise in worldwide e-cigarette use has sparked concerns about its effects on oral health, especially regarding the increased risk of periodontal disease. Measuring pro-inflammatory cytokines in crevicular fluid can help detect early subclinical inflammation before symptoms appear. Aim: To quantify the levels of inflammatory biomarkers (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, and MCP-1) in the gingival crevicular fluid of vaping and non-vaping patients. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted with vaper and non-vaper patients. Participants were selected through convenience sampling based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study collected demographic and clinical data and measured cytokines such as IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, and MCP-1 in crevicular fluid using flow cytometry. Data analysis was conducted in SPSS\u00ae, including descriptive statistics, Shapiro\u2013Wilk normality tests, and correlation analyses (Spearman rank). The Ethics Committee approved the study (Act No. 6-2025). Results: Sixteen vapers and sixteen non-vapers participated, paired by age. Vapers showed higher levels of all markers, especially TNF-\u03b1 (1451.55 pg\/mL, SD = 428.5, p = 0.036) and IL-6 (55.01 pg\/mL, SD = 46.48, p = 0.050), compared to non-vapers. No significant differences were found in IL-1\u03b2 and MCP-1. Conclusions: Vaping is associated with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, notably TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6, and clinical signs of periodontal inflammation, specifically a higher plaque index (p = 0.027); bleeding on probing showed only a non-significant upward trend (p = 0.19). These findings suggest vaping may enhance periodontal\u2013inflammatory responses and should be considered in the assessment of periodontitis progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj14080472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:50:21Z","timestamp":1785757821000},"page":"472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inflammatory Biomarker Profiles in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Electronic Cigarette Users: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hernan Santiago","family":"Garzon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Especializaci\u00f3n en Periodoncia, Departamento de Salud Oral, Universidad Antonio Nari\u00f1o, Bogot\u00e1 110321, Colombia"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas y Medicina Oral, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Baron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Especializaci\u00f3n en Periodoncia, Departamento de Salud Oral, Universidad Antonio Nari\u00f1o, Bogot\u00e1 110321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Especializaci\u00f3n en Periodoncia, Departamento de Salud Oral, Universidad Antonio Nari\u00f1o, Bogot\u00e1 110321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikol","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Especializaci\u00f3n en Periodoncia, Departamento de Salud Oral, Universidad Antonio Nari\u00f1o, Bogot\u00e1 110321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Especializaci\u00f3n en Periodoncia, Departamento de Salud Oral, Universidad Antonio Nari\u00f1o, Bogot\u00e1 110321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1846-7448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana Marcela","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n B\u00e1sica Oral-UIBO, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad El Bosque, Bogot\u00e1 110121, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8673-8449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yormaris","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n B\u00e1sica Oral-UIBO, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad El Bosque, Bogot\u00e1 110121, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3986-0625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria In\u00e9s","family":"Lafaurie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n B\u00e1sica Oral-UIBO, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad El Bosque, Bogot\u00e1 110121, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamann, S.L., Kungskulniti, N., Charoenca, N., Kasemsup, V., Ruangkanchanasetr, S., and Jongkhajornpong, P. 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