{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T12:25:30Z","timestamp":1786969530767,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dent. J.","Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: The aim was to evaluate the mechanical, physical, and surface properties, as well as the microstructure, of three direct resin composites with different formulations (CLEARFIL AP-X, MAJESTY ES Flow, and MAJESTY ES-2) from the same manufacturer. Methods: Mechanical properties, including flexural strength, flexural modulus, and fracture toughness, were determined for each material (n = 8\/material) according to ISO standards. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to determine the degree of conversion (DC%). Two-body wear was evaluated using a ball-on-flat configuration in a chewing simulator for 15,000 cycles, and wear depth was measured using a non-contact 3D optical profilometer. Polymerization shrinkage stress was measured using a tensilometer. Surface roughness and gloss were evaluated on disk-shaped specimens (n = 5\/material) after polishing with 2400- and 4000-grit abrasive papers. Microstructural characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey\u2019s HSD test (\u03b1 = 0.05). Results: CLEARFIL AP-X exhibited the highest flexural strength (186.95 MPa), flexural modulus (19.25 GPa), and fracture toughness (1.50 MPa m1\/2) among the tested materials (p &lt; 0.05). However, it also showed the highest surface roughness and the lowest gloss values. MAJESTY ES Flow demonstrated the lowest wear depth and the highest gloss and polymerization shrinkage stress, whereas MAJESTY ES-2 exhibited the greatest wear and the lowest DC%. Conclusions: The three resin composites exhibited distinct mechanical, physical, surface, and microstructural characteristics associated with differences in their formulations, including filler content, filler morphology, and resin matrix composition. No single material demonstrated superior performance across all evaluated properties, highlighting the importance of selecting resin composites according to the specific clinical requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj14080525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T11:00:05Z","timestamp":1786964405000},"page":"525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Study of Direct Resin Composites with Different Formulations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9457-2314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sufyan","family":"Garoushi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials Science, Turku Clinical Biomaterial Center\u2014TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5904-2799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enas","family":"Mangoush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials Science, Turku Clinical Biomaterial Center\u2014TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1111-1657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aous A.","family":"Abdulmajeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7111-9111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmina","family":"Bijelic-Donova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Stomatognathic Physiology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Wellbeing Services County of South-West Finland, 20521 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pekka K.","family":"Vallittu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials Science, Turku Clinical Biomaterial Center\u2014TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Stomatognathic Physiology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1575-2083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lippo","family":"Lassila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials Science, Turku Clinical Biomaterial Center\u2014TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2009.06.009","article-title":"Effects of monomer ratios and highly radiopaque fillers on degree of conversion and shrinkage-strain of dental resin composites","volume":"25","author":"Mouzali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dent. 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