{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:12:49Z","timestamp":1788343969359,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dent. J.","Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Accurate reproduction of occlusal anatomy is a critical determinant of the clinical performance of posterior composite restorations. The present study compares marginal adaptation in Class I composite restorations completed using a Kool-Dam STAMP, a flowable-composite STAMP, or conventional hand-carving techniques. Methods: Sixty extracted caries-free molars were randomly allocated to three experimental groups (n = 20). Two fixed marginal sites per tooth (mesial and distal) were measured at four measurement time points: immediately after restoration, before thermocycling, and after 10,000, 30,000, and 50,000 cumulative thermal cycles (5 \u00b0C\/55 \u00b0C; 20 s dwell time). The two site-level values were averaged within each tooth for the primary analysis. A linear mixed-effects model included technique, measurement time point, and the technique-by-time-point interaction, with a random intercept for tooth. Results: No significant interaction was observed between restorative technique and measurement time point, indicating that changes in marginal gap over time were not statistically significant among the three techniques (likelihood-ratio \u03c72(6) = 1.43, p = 0.964). The overall effect of the technique was also not significant (\u03c72(2) = 1.26, p = 0.532). In contrast, marginal-gap measurements increased considerably across the four measurement time points (\u03c72(3) = 218.52, p &lt; 0.001), indicating progressive increases in marginal gaps with thermal ageing. Following the Holm adjustment, no pairwise comparisons between techniques at any individual time point achieved statistical significance. Conclusions: In the present in vitro study, no statistically significant differences in marginal-gap values were detected among the Kool-Dam STAMP, flowable-composite STAMP, and conventional hand-carving techniques. The study was not designed to demonstrate equivalence or noninferiority; therefore, the absence of a statistically significant difference should not be interpreted as evidence that the techniques are equivalent. These findings suggest that the STAMP approach may be a useful technique for reproducing occlusal morphology while maintaining marginal fit. However, further clinical studies are needed to confirm its long-term performance in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj14090554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T08:56:01Z","timestamp":1788339361000},"page":"554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of STAMP Techniques and Conventional Carving on Marginal Adaptation of Class I Composite Resin Restorations: An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Benjamin Allen","family":"Bingham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Science Department, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, 1001 Shadow Lane, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Suchunya Rose","family":"Bumrung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Science Department, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, 1001 Shadow Lane, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7507-1300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Ziada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Science Department, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, 1001 Shadow Lane, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4170-1842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neamat Hassan","family":"Abubakr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Department, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"Occlusal index-assisted restitution of esthetic and functional anatomy in direct tooth-colored restorations","volume":"27","author":"Liebenberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2009.215","article-title":"Preoperative occlusal matrix aids the development of occlusal contour of posterior occlusal resin composite restorations: Clinical rationale and technique","volume":"206","author":"Geddes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. 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