{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:07:22Z","timestamp":1788930442380,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dent. J.","Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Reconstruction of craniofacial bone defects caused by tumor removal, infection, congenital anomalies, or trauma remains a major challenge. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI), digital imaging, and additive manufacturing have enabled personalized treatment strategies. This review discusses AI-driven workflows from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) image acquisition to implant fabrication using patient-specific bioceramics. Methods: Several electronic databases were searched, including Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. A peer-reviewed article published between 2015 and 2026 was considered for inclusion. This review provides an overview of AI applications in craniofacial tissue engineering, including CBCT image segmentation, three-dimensional reconstruction, virtual surgical planning, computer-aided design\/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD\/CAM), topology optimization, finite element analysis, and three-dimensional bioceramic scaffold printing. Results: AI improves accuracy, efficiency, and reproducibility of craniofacial reconstructions when used in conjunction with AI-assisted workflows. Through automated image segmentation and anatomical modeling, operator dependence can be reduced, and predictive algorithms can optimize biomechanical properties. CAD\/CAM and 3D printing are used to manufacture bioceramic implants with controlled porosity, mechanical integrity, and enhanced osteoconductive properties. AI-driven predictive models have demonstrated potential for supporting material selection, manufacturing quality control, and treatment planning; however, their ability to reliably predict long-term postoperative outcomes requires further validation through prospective clinical studies. Data standardization, algorithm transparency, regulatory approval, clinical trial validation, and ethical considerations remain challenges. Conclusions: AI, CBCT imaging, computational modeling, and advanced bioceramic manufacturing are being combined to create an end-to-end digital workflow for personalized reconstruction. Clinical studies must be conducted prospectively to maximize the therapeutic potential of these technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj14090558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T14:35:29Z","timestamp":1788359729000},"page":"558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artificial Intelligence and Digital Workflow in Craniofacial Bone Tissue Engineering: From Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) to Personalized Bioceramic Implants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2140-0336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Bahador","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Ali","family":"Mostafavi Moghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran"},{"name":"School of Dentistry, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2431-6467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Mojtahedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Craniomaxillofacial Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotfollah","family":"Kamali Hakim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411718541, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5647-637X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Tebyaniyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Research Department, Islimic Azade University, Tehran 1584715414, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20417314211003735","DOI":"10.1177\/20417314211003735","article-title":"Recent update on craniofacial tissue engineering","volume":"12","author":"Emara","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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