{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:17:22Z","timestamp":1788585442284,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006733","name":"Commission on Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006733","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04s346m05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dent. J.","Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Dental biofilm formation on prosthetic materials contributes to oral diseases and material degradation. This pilot study evaluated the feasibility of combining time-domain optical coherence tomography (TD-OCT) and non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) to characterize biofilm-associated optical and surface changes in dental prosthesis materials following antiseptic treatment. Methods: Acrylic resin, composite resin, and stainless-steel specimens were inoculated with Streptococcus mutans biofilms and exposed to water, Orahex, and Watsons mouthwash. TD-OCT was used to obtain extinction coefficient (EC) and optical thickness measurements, while NC-AFM was performed on Orahex-treated specimens to assess nanoscale surface morphology. EC distributions were analyzed descriptively from valid TD-OCT A-scans. Results: Within the examined specimens, EC distributions varied following biofilm formation and antiseptic treatment, with material-dependent responses. Composite resin exhibited the clearest reduction in EC following Watsons treatment, whereas acrylic resin and stainless-steel specimens showed more variable responses. Physical thickness remained relatively stable, while NC-AFM observations of the Orahex-treated specimens supported the TD-OCT findings by demonstrating corresponding surface morphological changes. Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrates the preliminary feasibility of integrating TD-OCT with NC-AFM for non-destructive evaluation of biofilm-associated optical and surface changes in dental prosthesis materials. The findings are descriptive and exploratory, highlighting the potential of TD-OCT for monitoring prosthetic materials while emphasizing the need for future studies incorporating independent biological replicates and complementary biological validation techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj14090563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:21:21Z","timestamp":1788452481000},"page":"563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optical Attenuation Analysis of Biofilm Formation on Dental Prostheses Using Time-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography and Atomic Force Microscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5505-1778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cecilia","family":"Galvez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Remote Sensing Research (EARTH) Laboratory, Department of 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Instrumentation Facility, Office of the Vice President for Research and Innovation, De La Salle University, Laguna Campus, Bi\u00f1an City 4024, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8236-7102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"Vallar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Remote Sensing Research (EARTH) Laboratory, Department of Physics, College of Science, De La Salle University, Manila 0922, 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