{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:10:46Z","timestamp":1789031446233,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dent. J.","Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To evaluate surface temperature changes during the setting reaction of six dental gypsums using infrared thermography. Methods: This experimental in vitro study evaluated six dental gypsum materials randomly allocated into six groups: three Type IV materials (Elite Rock, D\u00fcrum, and Velmix) and three Type III materials (Elite Model, Pentadur, and Duromix). Specimens were manually mixed for a few minutes using a gypsum spatula and a rubber mixing bowl and subsequently formed in triangular stainless-steel molds with a 2 cm base and 2 cm equal sides. Thermographic evaluation was performed using a Fluke TiS55+ infrared camera. Surface temperature measurements were recorded for each specimen at baseline and at 10 and 25 min. Results: Distinct thermal profiles were observed among the dental gypsum materials. Compared with the baseline, Type IV dental gypsum showed an increase in temperature of 1.05 \u00b0C at 10 min (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.23\u20131.87; p = 0.012) and 2.46 \u00b0C at 25 min (95% CI: 1.64\u20133.28; p &lt; 0.001). Compared with Elite Rock, the reference material, D\u00fcrum and Velmix showed significantly lower temperatures, with differences between \u22122.94 \u00b0C and \u22122.47 \u00b0C, respectively (both p &lt; 0.001). Type III dental gypsum showed an increase in temperature of 6.16 \u00b0C at 10 min (95% CI: 5.50\u20136.82; p &lt; 0.001), followed by an increase of 1.76 \u00b0C at 25 min (95% CI: 1.10\u20132.42; p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Type III dental gypsums exhibited marked early increases in temperature, whereas Type IV dental gypsums showed more gradual and material-specific thermal patterns. These findings demonstrate differences in the thermal behavior of the evaluated dental gypsum materials during the setting reaction and support further investigation into the relationship between thermal behavior and other physicochemical properties, including dimensional stability and material performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj14090582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:07:41Z","timestamp":1789027661000},"page":"582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Infrared Thermographic Evaluation of Exothermic Temperature Changes During the Setting Reaction of Six Dental Impression Gypsums: An In Vitro Linear Regression Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Franco","family":"Mauricio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Unit, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15088, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Cesar","family":"Mauricio-Vilchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Unit, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15088, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Luzmila","family":"Vilchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Unit, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15088, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Mesias","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Unit, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15088, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Galarza-Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Unit, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15088, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Fran","family":"Espinoza-Carhuancho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Neuroscience, Metabolism, Clinical and Health Efficacy (NEMECS), Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur, Lima 15081, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Mayta-Tovalino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vicerrectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima 15024, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e32061","article-title":"The effect of hypochlorous acid disinfectant on the reproduction of details and surface hardness of type III dental stone","volume":"14","author":"Jasim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-849X.2002.00234.x","article-title":"The effect of disinfectants on the properties of dental gypsum, part 2: Surface properties","volume":"11","author":"Abdelaziz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.25083\/rbl\/25.6\/2095.2102","article-title":"Effects of disinfectant solutions incorporated in dental stone on setting expansion, compression and flexural strength of dental models","volume":"25","author":"Oancea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rom. Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-775720150266","article-title":"Accuracy of intraoral and extraoral digital data acquisition for dental restorations","volume":"24","author":"Rudolph","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S406","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.100305","article-title":"Treatment planning in conservative dentistry","volume":"4","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gray, J.C., Navarro-Coy, N., Pavitt, S.H., Hulme, C., Godfrey, M., Craddock, H.L., Brunton, P.A., Brown, S., Dillon, S., and Dukanovic, G. (2012). Improvdent: Improving dentures for patient benefit. A crossover randomised clinical trial comparing impression materials for complete dentures. BMC Oral Health, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-12-37"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-019-02995-w","article-title":"Digital impressions in dentistry: Accuracy of impression digitalisation by desktop scanners","volume":"24","author":"Runkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.22.3.064-071.oar","article-title":"Three-dimensional evaluation of mandibular anterior dental crowding in digital dental casts","volume":"22","author":"Fernandes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Press J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"293","article-title":"Craig\u2019s restorative dental materials","volume":"226","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34170","article-title":"Advanced inorganic nanocomposite for decontaminating titanium dental implants","volume":"107","author":"Hashedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Dental Association (1972). The dentist, the forensic pathologist, and the identification of human remains. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 85, 1324\u20131329.","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1972.0536"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(00)70043-6","article-title":"Study of the physical properties of type IV gypsum, resin-containing, and epoxy die materials","volume":"83","author":"Duke","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S530","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_151_20","article-title":"A comparative study of the effect of different disinfectant solutions on the compressive strength of type III gypsum","volume":"12","author":"Fernandes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(12)60146-2","article-title":"Delayed linear dimensional changes of five high strength gypsum products used for the fabrication of definitive casts","volume":"108","author":"Michalakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2011-199","article-title":"Porosity of dental gypsum-bonded investments in setting and heating process","volume":"31","author":"Asaoka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2004.12.001","article-title":"Expansion of high flow mixtures of gypsum-bonded investments in contact with absorbent liners","volume":"21","author":"Lodovici","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1067\/mpr.2002.127653","article-title":"Delayed linear expansion of improved dental stone","volume":"88","author":"Heshmati","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"391","article-title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties of gypsum composites reinforced with recycled cellulose pulp","volume":"11","author":"Carvalho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.5455\/ijhrs.000000056","article-title":"Impact of water quality and water powder ratio on the properties of type 4-die stones (gypsum products) used in dentistry","volume":"3","author":"Jayaprakash","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Rehabil. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1067\/mpr.2002.124095","article-title":"Tensile strength of type IV dental stones dried in a microwave oven","volume":"87","author":"Hersek","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(93)90116-6","article-title":"Investigation on the compressive strength of several gypsum products dried by microwave oven with different programs","volume":"69","author":"Tuncer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(85)90124-6","article-title":"Microwave oven drying of artificial stone","volume":"53","author":"Luebke","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(85)90566-9","article-title":"Effect of microwave oven drying on surface hardness of dental gypsum products","volume":"54","author":"Luebke","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.33899\/rden.2005.45514","article-title":"The effects of drying techniques on the compressive strength of gypsum products","volume":"5","author":"Hasan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Al-Rafidain Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-0707.136338","article-title":"CRIS Guidelines (Checklist for Reporting In-vitro Studies): A concept note on the need for standardized guidelines for improving quality and transparency in reporting in-vitro studies in experimental dental research","volume":"17","author":"Krithikadatta","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Conserv. Dent."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aboushady, M.A., Talaat, W., Hamdoon, Z., Elshazly, T.M., Ragy, N., Bourauel, C., and Talaat, S. (2021). Thermography as a non-ionizing quantitative tool for diagnosing periapical inflammatory lesions. BMC Oral Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01618-9"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"39","article-title":"Studies of the early stages of the dynamic setting process of chemically activated restorative glass-ionomer cements","volume":"8","author":"Tsuzuki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomater. Investig. Dent."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.22-0285","article-title":"Thermal and volumetric assessment of endodontic filling techniques using infrared thermography and micro-CT","volume":"65","author":"Suassuna","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2021.06.008","article-title":"Spatio-temporal temperature fields generated coronally with bulk-fill resin composites: A thermography study","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S580","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_538_20","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of abrasion resistance of three commercially available type IV dental stone, dried using three different drying techniques: An in vitro study","volume":"13","author":"Killedar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2025.50.e34","article-title":"Analysis of temperature change during polymerization according to resin thickness: An in vitro experimental study","volume":"50","author":"Bae","year":"2025","journal-title":"Restor. Dent. Endod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skvirsky, Y., Alon, T.O., Shehada, M., Mayer, Y., and Gutmacher, Z. (2026). Dimensional Stability of Printed Dental Model: Stability over Time at Different Storage Temperatures. Dent. J., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj14070454"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capitanio, M., de Castro-Hoshino, L.V., Gibbin, M.S., Endo, M.S., Pavan, N.N.O., Baesso, M.L., Tezvergil-Mutluay, A., and Sato, F. (Dent. Mater., 2026). Initial hydration process of calcium silicate-based materials by thermography and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, Dent. Mater., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2026.05.018"}],"container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/14\/9\/582\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:44:13Z","timestamp":1789029853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/14\/9\/582"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["dj14090582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj14090582","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-6767"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-6767","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]}}}