{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T21:26:29Z","timestamp":1785792389677,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,6]],"date-time":"2017-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aging population experiences more gingival recession and root exposure which increases the opportunity for dentin erosion. This study tested the use of transverse microradiography (TMR) methods to assess dentin erosion and the interaction between fluoride and citric acid on the amount of erosion in the dentin samples. In a 4 \u00d7 3 interaction experimental design, four fluoride concentrations (0.00, 25.0, 50.0, and 100.0 mg\/L) and three citric acid concentrations (0.0, 0.25, and 1.00%) were combined to form 12 experimental solutions. Forty-eight dentin samples were placed in the experimental solutions for 1 and 4 h and the amount of surface lost was determined by TMR methods. The resolution of the TMR method was 0.9 \u03bcm per pixel with a 0.1% and a 5% confidence interval of \u00b14.2 \u03bcm. Dentin erosion increased with the concentration of citric acid and time, the erosion decreased when concentration of fluoride was increased. Effects due to fluoride and citric acid concentrations individually, and their interaction on the amount of erosion observed was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.0001). This study found that TMR methods are appropriate and that 25.0 mg\/L was the optimal fluoride concentration to protect dentin from a 1.00% citric acid challenge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj5040027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,6]],"date-time":"2017-10-06T10:56:34Z","timestamp":1507287394000},"page":"27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Dentin Erosion: Method Validation and Efficacy of Fluoride Protection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Clifton","family":"Carey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado, 12800 E. 19th Ave., MS8310, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado, 12800 E. 19th Ave., MS8310, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Definition of erosion and links to tooth wear","volume":"Volume 20","author":"Lussi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dental Erosion"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1159\/000308567","article-title":"Systematic review of the prevalence of tooth wear in children and adolescents","volume":"44","author":"Kreulen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2008.00936.x","article-title":"UK National Clinical Guidelines in Paediatric Dentistry: Diagnosis, prevention and management of dental erosion","volume":"18","author":"Milosevic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kql163","article-title":"Occupational dental erosion from exposure to acids: A review","volume":"57","author":"Wiegand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12026","article-title":"Risk indicators associated with dental erosion among Jordanian school children aged 12\u201314 years of age","volume":"24","author":"Hamasha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2009.0341","article-title":"The effect of salivary factors on dental erosion in various age groups and tooth surfaces","volume":"140","author":"Piangprach","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Zou, Y., and Ding, G. (2012). Dietary factors associated with dental erosion: A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042626"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1991.tb00169.x","article-title":"Dental erosion in a population of Swiss adults","volume":"19","author":"Lussi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Commun. Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2014.10.012","article-title":"Estimated prevalence of erosive tooth wear in permanent teeth of children and adolescents: An epidemiological systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"43","author":"Salas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1159\/000360973","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence and distribution of erosion","volume":"Volume 25","author":"Lussi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Erosive Tooth Wear"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-007-0177-1","article-title":"Pathological or physiological erosion\u2014Is there a relationship to age?","volume":"12","author":"Bartlett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1159\/000080587","article-title":"Effects of two fluoridation measures on erosion progression in human enamel and dentine in situ","volume":"38","author":"Ganss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"e577","article-title":"Effect of toothpastes containing different NaF concentrations or a SnF2\/NaF combination on root dentine erosive lesions, in vivo","volume":"8","author":"Diamanti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12016","article-title":"Impact of different fluoride concentrations and pH of dentifrices on tooth erosion\/abrasion in vitro","volume":"58","author":"Moron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1159\/000325167","article-title":"Fluoride in dental erosion","volume":"Volume 22","author":"Buzalaf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fluoride and the Oral Environment"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Carey, C.M., McCracken, J.M., and Schmuck, B.D. (2017, July 23). Fluoride concentration required to prevent citric acid erosion of enamel. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/266775448_Fluoride_Concentration_Required_to_Prevent_Citric_Acid_Erosion_of_Enamel."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmer, S., Kirchner, G., Bizhang, M., and Benedix, M. (2015). Influence of various acidic beverages on tooth erosion. Evaluation by a new method. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129462"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwendicke, F., Felstehausen, G., Carey, C.M., and Dorfer, C. (2014). Comparison of four methods to assess erosive substance loss of dentin. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108064"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.115.006","article-title":"Improved contact X-ray microradiographic method to measure mineral density of hard dental tissues","volume":"115","author":"Schmuck","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Res. Nat. Inst. Stand. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1159\/000260297","article-title":"Assimilation of fluoride by enamel throughout the life of the tooth","volume":"11","author":"Weatherell","year":"1977","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.55.133","article-title":"Biochemical composition of carious dentin and different layers of sound dentin","volume":"55","author":"Magnus","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (2013). ISO 28888:2013 Dentistry\u2014Screening Method for Erosion Potential of Oral Rinses on Dental Hard Tissues, International Organization for Standardization."}],"container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/5\/4\/27\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:46:39Z","timestamp":1760208399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/5\/4\/27"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,6]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["dj5040027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj5040027","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-6767"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-6767","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,6]]}}}