{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T03:20:06Z","timestamp":1790565606760,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease is classified as a neurodegenerative condition, a heterogeneous group of illnesses characterized by the slow and progressive loss of one or more functions of the nervous system. Its incidence tends to increase gradually from 65 years of age, up to a prevalence of 4% at age 75. The loss of dental elements is more prevalent in this population and might negatively affect the masticatory capacity, quality of life, and pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. This study investigated problems related to oral health and the loss of dental elements in elderly patients suffering from Alzheimer\u2019s and considered whether local inflammatory processes could affect the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. The purpose of this systematic review is to identify a link between the causes leading to tooth loss and the onset\/progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. We also studied whether there is a higher incidence of tooth loss (primary outcome) and edentulism (secondary outcome) among Alzheimer\u2019s patients. We searched records in electronic databases such as PubMed, EBSCO, and Web of Science using the following keywords: Alzheimer\u2019s Disease AND periodontal, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease AND periodontitis, dementia AND (periodontitis OR periodontal) \u201cAlzheimer\u2019s Disease\u201d AND \u201ctooth\u201d OR \u201cdental loss,\u201d \u201cdementia\u201d AND \u201cedentulous,\u201d \u201cAlzheimer\u2019s Disease\u201d AND \u201cedentulous,\u201d \u201cdementia\u201d AND \u201ctooth\u201d OR \u201cdental loss.\u201d The records were screened, and after applying the eligibility and inclusion criteria, nine articles were left, six of which were analyzed for the primary outcome (loss of dental elements) and six for the secondary outcome (tooth loss). Results from this meta-analysis revealed that Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients have an increased risk of dental loss (hazard ratio (HR) 1.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00\u20132.30, p = 0.05) and edentulous condition (HR 2.26, 95% CI 1.70\u20133.01, p &lt; 0.001). A quantitative analysis of the included studies indicated that patients suffering from Alzheimer\u2019s disease are characterized by a greater number of lost dental elements and general edentulism compared to the control groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj7020049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T03:15:22Z","timestamp":1556766922000},"page":"49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["The Association between Tooth Loss and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: a Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Case Control Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0949-3457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Dioguardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Di Gioia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia Apollonia","family":"Caloro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Bari Via Piazza Giulio Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Capocasale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Oncological and Surgery, University of Palermo, 90121 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2153-0778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khrystyna","family":"Zhurakivska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5647-4414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Troiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucio","family":"Lo Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4633-4893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Lo Muzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-018-0107-y","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease hypothesis and related therapies","volume":"7","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. 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