{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:42:00Z","timestamp":1792154520367,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]],"date-time":"2020-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peroxides present in oral healthcare products generally exert favourable protective activities against the development and progression of tooth decay, plaque, gingivitis, and halitosis, etc. However, despite the high level of research focus on hydrogen and carbamide peroxides as therapeutically active (and tooth-whitening) agents, to date the use of alternative chemical forms of peroxides such as peroxoborates for these purposes has received only scant attention. Intriguingly, peroxoborate and its esters with polyols, such as glycerol, have a very diverse chemistry\/biochemistry in aqueous solution, for which there is an increasing amount of evidence that it remains distinctive from that of hydrogen peroxide; such properties include self-associative and hydrolytic equilibria, and their abilities to participate in electrophile- or nucleophile-scavenging, metal ion-complexing, redox and free radical reactions, for example. Therefore, the purpose of this detailed commentary is to evaluate both differences and similarities between the molecular\/biomolecular reactivities of peroxoborate species and hydrogen peroxide in vitro, ex-vivo and in vivo. It encompasses brief sectional accounts regarding the molecular heterogeneity of peroxoborates, the release of bioactive agents therefrom, and their oxidative attack on oral cavity biomolecules (the nucleophilic or electrophilic character of these oxidations are discussed). Further areas explored are the abilities of borates and peroxoborates to enhance the solubility of iron ions in aqueous solution, their involvements in free radical biochemistry (particularly the complexation of oxygen radical-promoting transition metal ions by, and antioxidant properties of, peroxoborate-polyol ester adducts), and the specific inhibition of protease enzymes. Further aspects focus on the tooth-whitening, oral malodor neutralizing, and potential mutagenic and genotoxic properties of peroxoborates, along with possible mechanisms for these processes. The abilities of peroxoborates, and peroxides in general, to modulate the activities of inflammatory mediators and vitamins, antioxidant or otherwise, are also explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dj8030089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]],"date-time":"2020-08-07T09:30:54Z","timestamp":1596792654000},"page":"89","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Potential Advantages of Peroxoborates and Their Ester Adducts Over Hydrogen Peroxide as Therapeutic Agents in Oral Healthcare Products: Chemical\/Biochemical Reactivity Considerations In Vitro, Ex Vivo And In Vivo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1502-3734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Grootveld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"},{"name":"School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"},{"name":"School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wyman","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8769-8979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benita","family":"Percival","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2835-695X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Anagnostaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5212-5708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valina","family":"Mylona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Bordin-Aykroyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry L.","family":"Grootveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6145","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-4020(95)00304-Q","article-title":"Sodium perborate and sodium percarbonate: Cheap, safe and versatile oxidizing agents for organic synthesis","volume":"51","author":"McKillop","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.3891\/acta.chem.scand.15-0934","article-title":"On the crystal structure of hydrated sodium peroxoborate","volume":"15","author":"Hannson","year":"1961","journal-title":"Acta Chem. Scand."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (2010). Opinion on Sodium Perborate and Perboric Acid, European Commission. SCCS\/1345\/10."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02385.x","article-title":"The inhibitory effect of combining chlorhexidine and hydrogen peroxide on 3-day plaque accumulation","volume":"25","author":"Dona","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051x.2000.027001009.x","article-title":"Stain, plaque and gingivitis reduction by combining chlorhexidine and peroxyborate","volume":"27","author":"Grundemann","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5037.2012.00555.x","article-title":"The effect of an oxygenating agent on chlorhexidine-induced extrinsic tooth staining: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Slot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12116","article-title":"Effect of several bleaching agents on teeth stained with a resin-based sealer","volume":"47","author":"Feiz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-0134(98)10092-2","article-title":"Multicomponent evaluations of the oxidising actions and status of a peroxoborate-containing tooth-whitening system in whole human saliva using high resolution proton NMR spectroscopy","volume":"73","author":"Lynch","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2010.02085.x","article-title":"The effect of chemotherapeutic agents on titanium-adherent biofilms","volume":"22","author":"Ntrouka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"95","article-title":"Effect of an oxygenating agent on oral bacteria in vitro and on dental plaque composition in healthy young adults","volume":"4","author":"Mostajo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2019, August 29). Oral Health Topics: Mouthwash (Mouthrinse). Available online: www.ada.org\/en\/member-center\/oral-health-topics\/mouthrinse."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1995.66.9.786","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide: A review of its use in dentistry","volume":"66","author":"Marshall","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Periodont."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1021\/ic00268a046","article-title":"Peroxoborates. Interaction of boric acid and hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution","volume":"26","author":"Pizer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.1107\/S0567740878011565","article-title":"Refinement of the X-ray crystal structure of the industrial bleaching agent disodium tetrahydroxo-di-\u03bc-peroxo-diborate hexahydrate, Na2[B2(O2)2(OH)4]\u00b76H2O","volume":"34","author":"Carrondo","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Cryst. B"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/0584-8539(89)80153-9","article-title":"Vibrational spectra of alkali metal peroxoborate","volume":"45","author":"Flanagan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1039\/dt9890001651","article-title":"Nature of peroxoborate species in aqueous solution by a study of boron-11 nuclear magnetic resonance and Raman spectroscopy","volume":"9","author":"Flanagan","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"117","article-title":"Extraction of perborate by phase transfer catalysis (applications of phase transfer catalysis, part XLIII)","volume":"13","author":"Dehmlow","year":"1989","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.1039\/FT9938904035","article-title":"Mechanism of bleaching by peroxides. Part 2\u2014Kinetics of bleaching of alizarin and crocetin by hidrogen peroxide at high pH","volume":"89","author":"Thompson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-404582-8.00006-7","article-title":"Chapter Six\u2013Catalysis or Convenience? Perborate in Context","volume":"Volume 65","author":"Hubbard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Advances in Inorganic Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Unis, M.M.A. (2010). Peroxide Reactions of Environmental Relevance in Aqueous Solution. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Northumbria]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9284","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200600437","article-title":"Photochemistry of peroxoborates: Borate inhibition of the photodecomposition of hydrogen peroxide","volume":"12","author":"Rey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. A Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-009-0688-x","article-title":"Different light-activated in-office bleaching systems: A clinical evaluation","volume":"25","author":"Gurgan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1039\/B614847F","article-title":"Green and chemoselective oxidation of sulfides with sodium perborate and sodium percarbonate: Nucleophilic and electrophilic character of the oxidation system","volume":"9","author":"Caballero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1492(199910)12:6<345::AID-NBM580>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"H NMR analysis of microbial-derived organic acids in primary root carious lesions and saliva","volume":"12","author":"Silwood","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nmr Biomed."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130301400406","article-title":"Tooth bleaching\u2013A critical review of the biological aspects","volume":"14","author":"Dahle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Albers, H.F. (1991). Lightening Natural Teeth, ADEPT Report."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"94","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms associated with the bleaching actions of commercially-available whitening oral health care products","volume":"41","author":"Lynch","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Ir. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E8","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2012.144","article-title":"Tooth-whitening activity of a novel home-bleaching system utilising thermal diffusion: A multifactorial simultaneous evaluation of efficacies at cervical, body and incisal tooth sites","volume":"212","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7249","DOI":"10.1039\/c1ob06142a","article-title":"Dioxaborirane: A highly reactive peroxide that is the likely intermediate in borate catalysed electrophilic reactions of hydrogen peroxide in alkaline aqueous solution","volume":"9","author":"Durrant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3552","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200401209","article-title":"Borate-catalyzed reactions of hydrogen peroxide: Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of organic sulfides by peroxoborates","volume":"11","author":"Davies","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1039\/C2OB26842F","article-title":"A kinetic and theoretical study of the borate catalysed reactions of hydrogen peroxide: The role of dioxaborirane as the catalytic intermediate for a wide range of substrates","volume":"11","author":"Deary","year":"2013","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(01)96195-2","article-title":"Kinetics and mechanism of perborate oxidation of organic sulphides","volume":"47","author":"Karunakaran","year":"1991","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4601(1996)28:3<153::AID-KIN1>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"A kinetic study of electron transfer from L-Ascorbic acid to sodium perborate and potassium peroxy disulphate in aqueous acid and micellar media","volume":"28","author":"Rajanna","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02073819","article-title":"Kinetics of perborate oxidation of quinol","volume":"40","author":"Karunakaran","year":"1989","journal-title":"React. Kinet. Catal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(01)81484-8","article-title":"Functional group oxidation using sodium perborate 1","volume":"43","author":"McKillop","year":"1987","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(00)81693-7","article-title":"Sodium perborate\u2013A cheap and effective reagent for the oxidation of anilines and sulphides","volume":"24","author":"McKillop","year":"1983","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aggarwal, V.K., Davies, I.W., Franklin, R., Maddock, J., Mahon, M.F., and Molloy, K.C. (1994). Studies on the oxidation of 1,3-dithiane and 5,5-disubstituted analogues including X-ray crystal structure, equilibration studies and pKa measurements on selected oxides. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 2363\u20132368.","DOI":"10.1039\/p19940002363"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-013-0932-4","article-title":"Chemometric analysis of the consumption of oral rinse chlorite (ClO2\u2212) by human salivary biomolecules","volume":"17","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"2","article-title":"Halitosis: Its intraoral factors and mechanism relating to formation","volume":"2","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Health Curr. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6255","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201610402","article-title":"On the reactions of thiols, sulfenic acids, and sulfinic acids with hydrogen peroxide","volume":"56","author":"Chauvin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5020","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00329a073","article-title":"Thianthrene 5-oxide as mechanistic probe in oxygen-transfer reactions: The case of carbonyl oxides vs. dioxiranes","volume":"106","author":"Adam","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(01)89003-1","article-title":"Oxidation of primary aliphatic amines with sodium perborate","volume":"30","author":"Zajac","year":"1989","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910208100613","article-title":"1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva","volume":"81","author":"Silwood","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1039\/b104902j","article-title":"Ab initio study of oxygen atom transfer from hydrogen peroxide to trimethylamine","volume":"18","author":"Ottolina","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Commun. (Camb.)"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.2174\/1570178615666180613080548","article-title":"An efficient oxidation of alcohols by aqueous H2O2 with 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lett. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2901","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(01)91300-6","article-title":"Studies on borate esters 1: The pH dependence of the stability of esters of boric acid and borate in aqueous medium as studied by 11B NMR","volume":"40","author":"Peters","year":"1984","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"949","article-title":"Multicomponent 11B NMR analysis of novel peroxoborate-containing tooth-whitening formulations","volume":"85","author":"Silwood","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6215(00)82850-5","article-title":"The interconversion of aqueous boron species and the interaction of borate with diols: A 11B n.m.r. study","volume":"28","author":"Henderson","year":"1973","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"488","article-title":"Studies on borate esters IV. Structural analysis of borate esters of polyhydroxycarboxylates in water using13C and1H NMR spectroscopys","volume":"105","author":"Peters","year":"1985","journal-title":"Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1039\/f19888400041","article-title":"A polarimetric and 11B and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance study of the reaction of the tetrahydroxyborate ion with polyols and carbohydrates","volume":"84","author":"Dawber","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1055\/s-1989-27388","article-title":"Novel applications of sodium perborate to the oxidation of aromatic aldehydes, \u03b1-hydroxycarboxylic acids, 1,2-diketones, \u03b1-hydroxyketones, 1,2-diols and some unsaturated compounds","volume":"10","author":"Banerjee","year":"1989","journal-title":"Synthesis"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1246\/cl.1986.665","article-title":"Sodium percarbonate (SPC) as a hydrogen peroxide source for organic synthesis","volume":"15","author":"Takashi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3579","DOI":"10.1080\/00397918908052768","article-title":"The oxidation of \u03b1-\u03b2-unsaturated ketones in aqueous sodium perborate","volume":"19","author":"Reed","year":"1989","journal-title":"Synth. Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rashid, A., and Read, G.J. (1967). Quinone epoxides. Part II. Synthesis of (-+)-terreic acid and some related epoxides. Chem. Soc. C, 1323\u20131325.","DOI":"10.1039\/J39670001323"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/00021369.1974.10861106","article-title":"Synthesis of dl-phyllostine and dl-epoxydon (phyllosinol)","volume":"38","author":"Ichihara","year":"1974","journal-title":"Agr. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1080\/00397918808060878","article-title":"The reaction of \u03b1-methylstyrene analogs and related compounds with sodium perborate in acid","volume":"18","author":"Gupton","year":"1988","journal-title":"Synth. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/924827","article-title":"Perborate Oxidation of Substituted 5-Oxoacids in Aqueous Acetic Acid Medium: A Kinetic and Mechanistic Study","volume":"2014","author":"Devi","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISRN Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1524\/ract.2010.1756","article-title":"Complexation of Nd(III) with tetraborate ion and its effect on actinide(III) solubility in WIPP brine","volume":"98","author":"Borkowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.02.058","article-title":"Comparison of classical Fenton, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA)-Fenton, UV-Fenton, UV photolysis of Fe-NTA, UV-NTA-Fenton, and UV-H2O2 for the degradation of cyclohexanoic acid","volume":"175","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4562","DOI":"10.1021\/es010768z","article-title":"Arsenate and arsenite removal by zerovalent iron: Effects of phosphate, silicate, carbonate, borate, sulfate, chromate, molybdate, and nitrate, relative to chloride","volume":"35","author":"Su","year":"2001","journal-title":"Env. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00668001","article-title":"Stability constants of iron(III) borate complexes","volume":"9","author":"Elrod","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Solut. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"(2020, May 12). Available online: www.ardoz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Ardox-X-technology-information.pdf."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)83758-9","article-title":"Non-transferrin-bound iron in plasma from patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis. Characterisation by high performance liquid chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance","volume":"246","author":"Grootveld","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0731-7085(91)80233-Y","article-title":"Speciation of non-transferrin-bound iron in synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"9","author":"Parkes","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0323","article-title":"Thiocyanate levels in human saliva: Quantitation by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy","volume":"240","author":"Schultz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2016.00134","article-title":"Importance of iron complexation for Fenton-mediated hydroxyl radical production at circumneutral pH","volume":"3","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5555","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00998a008","article-title":"Hydrolytic polymerization of ferric citrate","volume":"89","author":"Spiro","year":"1967","journal-title":"I. Chemistry Polymer. J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"347","article-title":"Fenton reaction\u2014Controversy concerning the chemistry","volume":"16","author":"Barbusinski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Chem. Engin. S"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(90)80651-X","article-title":"Reactions of iron(II) nucleotide complexes with hydrogen peroxide","volume":"261","author":"Rush","year":"1990","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-0134(89)80007-8","article-title":"The binding of iron(II) ions to the pentose sugar 2-deoxyribose","volume":"35","author":"Aruoma","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02136367","article-title":"Complex formation between glycerol and metal ions as studied by means of ESR, NMR, and optical absorption spectroacopy","volume":"21","author":"Lohmann","year":"1965","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2724","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.67.2724","article-title":"Studies on the interaction between iron(III) and glycerol or related polyols over a wide pH range","volume":"67","author":"Mori","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2003.12.001","article-title":"The complexation of Fe(III)-ions in cellulose fibres: A fundamental property","volume":"56","author":"Kongdee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Carbohy. Polym."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Halliwell, B., and Gutteridge, J.M.C. (2007). Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, Oxford University Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(89)90159-6","article-title":"The mutagenic activity of sodium perborate","volume":"224","author":"Seiler","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.\/Gen. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"283","article-title":"Mutagenesis by hydrogen peroxide treatment of mammalian cells: A molecular analysis","volume":"11","author":"Moraes","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Dziubla, T., and Butterfield, D.A. (2016). Chapter one\u2013A free radical primer, In Oxidative Stress and Biomaterials, Academic Press. Available online: http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128032695000012."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(91)80342-Z","article-title":"Reactions of Fe(II)-ATP and Fe(II)-citrate complexes with t-butyl hydroperoxide and cumyl hydroperoxide","volume":"280","author":"Rush","year":"1991","journal-title":"Febs. Lett."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5458","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01626a002","article-title":"A polarographic study of the perborate complex","volume":"77","author":"Kern","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"(2020, June 30). Available online: http:\/\/www.h2o2.com\/technical-library\/physical-chemical-properties\/thermodynamic-properties\/default.aspx?pid=50&name=Standard-Electrode-Potentials."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"2902","article-title":"Iron(II) catalysis in perborate oxidation of 5-oxo acids","volume":"7","author":"Devi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Chemtech Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3109\/10715768609051634","article-title":"An aromatic hydroxylation assay for hydroxyl radicals utilising high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Use to investigate the effect of EDTA on the Fenton reaction","volume":"1","author":"Grootveld","year":"1985","journal-title":"Free Rad. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9504","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00198a016","article-title":"Oxidation of glycerol to formaldehyde by microsomes: Are glycerol radicals produced in the reaction pathway?","volume":"33","author":"Step","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s12393-012-9057-9","article-title":"Melanoidins formed by Maillard reaction in food and their biological activity","volume":"4","author":"Echavarria","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Eng. Rev."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2003.09.011","article-title":"Effect of pH control on the intermediates and melanoidins of nonenzymatic browning reaction","volume":"38","author":"Kwak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lwt Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1021\/j100820a601","article-title":"Kinetics and Mechanism, Second Edition","volume":"65","author":"Frost","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.06.030","article-title":"The effect of various concentrations of papain on the properties and hydrolytic rates of \u03b2-casein layers","volume":"101","author":"Yao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4800959a","article-title":"Tooth discolouration and staining: A review of the literature","volume":"190","author":"Watts","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brit. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2006.02.002","article-title":"The bleaching of teeth: A review of the literature","volume":"34","author":"Joiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210601408010264","article-title":"Dental bleaching techniques; Hydrogen-carbamide peroxides and light sources for activation, an update","volume":"8","author":"Abreu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-0707.80739","article-title":"Effects of different bleaching time interval on fracture toughness of enamel","volume":"14","author":"Ameri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Conser. Dent."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210601105010018","article-title":"In vivo spectrophotometric assessment of the tooth whitening effectiveness of Nite White 10% with amorphous calcium phosphate, potassium nitrate and fluoride, over a 6-month period","volume":"5","author":"Grobler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Open Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2011.07.011","article-title":"Surface alteration of human tooth enamel subjected to acidic and neutral 30% hydrogen peroxide","volume":"39","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(93)90239-K","article-title":"Decomposition rate of hydrogen peroxide bleaching agents under various chemical and physical conditions","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"32","article-title":"Chemical, optical, and physiologic mechanisms of bleaching products: A review","volume":"3","author":"Feinman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pr. Periodont. Aesthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02673398","article-title":"Bleach: Facts, fantasy, and fundamentals","volume":"55","author":"Coons","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E261","DOI":"10.2341\/13-214-L","article-title":"Influence of pH on the effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide whitening","volume":"39","author":"Torres","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009273701191","article-title":"Alkaline hydrogen peroxide bleaching of cellulose","volume":"7","author":"Brooks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1002\/kin.550220907","article-title":"Kinetics of iron-catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide on alkaline solutions","volume":"22","author":"Abbot","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1021\/j100820a028","article-title":"The homogeneous base-catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide","volume":"65","author":"Duke","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00898a016","article-title":"Kinetics and mechanism of the spontaneous decompositions of some peroxoacids, hydrogen peroxide and t-butyl hydroperoxide","volume":"85","author":"Koubek","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"2711","article-title":"Decolorization and Degradation Products of the Melanoidins by Hydrogen Peroxide","volume":"48","author":"Hayase","year":"1984","journal-title":"Agric. Boil. Chem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4813423","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide tooth-whitening (bleaching) products: Review of adverse effects and safety issues","volume":"200","author":"Tredwin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brit. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-009-0302-4","article-title":"Undesirable and adverse effects of tooth-whitening products: A review","volume":"14","author":"Goldberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12152","article-title":"The Mechanism of Tooth Whitening","volume":"27","author":"Kwon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Esthet. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(06)80096-8","article-title":"In vitro comparison of various types of sodium perborate used for intracoronal bleaching of discolored teeth","volume":"20","author":"Weiger","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-008-0195-7","article-title":"12-month color stability of enamel, dentine, and enamel-dentine samples after bleaching","volume":"12","author":"Wiegand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.1991.tb00204.x","article-title":"In vitro efficacy of sodium perborate preparations used for intracoronal bleaching of discoloured non-vital teeth","volume":"7","author":"Rotstein","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endod. Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(06)81033-2","article-title":"Prognosis of intracoronal bleaching with sodium perborate preparations in vivo: 1 year study","volume":"19","author":"Rotstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Endod"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.2002.00497.x","article-title":"In vitro comparison of different types of sodium perborate used for intracoronal bleaching of discoloured teeth","volume":"35","author":"Ari","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Endo. J."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"171","article-title":"Peroxide penetration from the pulp chamber to the external root surface after internal bleaching","volume":"23","author":"Palo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572009000300024","article-title":"Effectiveness of carbamide peroxide and sodium perborate in non-vital discolored teeth","volume":"17","author":"Valera","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(06)81299-9","article-title":"Effect of various types of sodium perborate on the pH of bleaching agents","volume":"19","author":"Weiger","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Endodont."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(06)81181-7","article-title":"Effect of hydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate on the microhardness of human enamel and dentin","volume":"20","author":"Lewinstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Endodont."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-4388.112394","article-title":"Comparison of the bleaching efficacy of three different agents used for intracoronal bleaching of discolored primary teeth: An in vitro study","volume":"31","author":"Ganesh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ind. Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.10.043","article-title":"Depletion rate of hydrogen peroxide from sodium perborate bleaching agent","volume":"43","author":"Tran","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endodont."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"132","article-title":"Bleaching of tooth discolouration compounds by peroxoborate-glycerol ester adducts","volume":"85B","author":"Julian","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/00004770-200202000-00003","article-title":"Effect of hydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate on biomechanical properties of human dentin","volume":"28","author":"Chng","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Endodont."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"International Agency for the Research on Cancer (IARC) (1999). Hydrogen Peroxide Vol 71. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, IARC."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1977.48.1.13","article-title":"Production and origin of oral malodor: A review of mechanisms and methods of analysis","volume":"48","author":"Tonzetich","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(72)90271-X","article-title":"The role of microorganisms in the production of oral malodour","volume":"34","author":"McNamara","year":"1972","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(81)90104-7","article-title":"Characterization of volatile sulphur production by pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of oral Bacteroides","volume":"26","author":"Tonzetich","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411900010040401","article-title":"Oral Malodor","volume":"1","author":"Kleinberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"1","article-title":"Twelve-hour longevity of the oral malodour-neutralising capacity of an oral rinse product containing the chlorine dioxide precursor sodium chlorite","volume":"1","author":"Grootveld","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oral Health Dent."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.4103\/1305-7456.178294","article-title":"Halitosis: Current concepts on etiology, diagnosis and management","volume":"10","author":"Kapoor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1999.70.5.485","article-title":"The relationship between oral malodor, gingivitis, and periodontitis","volume":"70","author":"Ratcliff","year":"1999","journal-title":"A Rev. J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"20","article-title":"Oxidation of a methionine residue in subtilisin-type proteinases by the hydrogen peroxide\/borate system\u2014An active site-directed reaction","volume":"952","author":"Hausdorf","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)63664-6","article-title":"The effect of subtilisin activity on oxidizing a methionine residue","volume":"244","author":"Stauffer","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"1071","article-title":"Dietary boron is a physiological regulator of the normal inflammatory response","volume":"10","author":"Hunt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trace Elem. Man Anim."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.080471","article-title":"Periodontal therapy reduces plasma levels of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen in patients with severe periodontitis and refractory arterial hypertension","volume":"80","author":"Vidal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2016.08.020","article-title":"Biomarker levels in gingival crevicular fluid of subjects with different periodontal conditions: A cross-sectional study","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2009.10.001","article-title":"Asymmetric dimethylarginine: Understanding the physiology, genetics, and clinical relevance of this novel biomarker. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on ADMA","volume":"60","author":"Boger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H260","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.279.1.H260","article-title":"Basic FGF reduces stunning via a NOS2-dependent pathway in coronary-perfused mouse hearts","volume":"279","author":"Hampton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"91","article-title":"Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA): An endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase and a novel cardiovascular risk molecule","volume":"15","author":"Colonna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15011189","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of extracellular ADMA concentrations in human blood and adipose tissue","volume":"15","author":"May","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-997-0121-1","article-title":"Kinetics of hydrogen peroxide oxidation of alkyl dimethyl amines","volume":"74","author":"Gee","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L370","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.90205.2008","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide decreases endothelial nitric oxide synthase promoter activity through the inhibition of AP-1 activity","volume":"295","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung. Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2008.0775","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide decreases endothelial nitric oxide synthase promoter activity through the inhibition of Sp1 activity","volume":"28","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dna Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isola, G., Alibrandi, A., Curr\u00f2, M., Matarese, M., Ricca, S., Matarese, G., Ientile, R., and Kocher, T. (2020). Evaluation of salivary and serum ADMA levels in patients with periodontal and cardiovascular disease as subclinical marker of cardiovascular risk. J. Periodontol., 10.","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.19-0446"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isola, G., Polizzi, A., Muraglie, S., Leonardi, R., and Lo Giudice, A. (2019). Assessment of vitamin C and antioxidant profiles in saliva and serum in patients with periodontitis and ischemic heart disease. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122956"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1997.2293","article-title":"Ascorbic acid oxidation by hydrogen peroxide","volume":"255","author":"Deutsch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00121-5","article-title":"Vitamin E regulates mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide generation","volume":"27","author":"Chow","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Rad. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botelho, J., Machado, V., Proen\u00e7a, L., Ana Sintra Delgado, A.S., and Mendes, J.J. (2020). Vitamin D deficiency and oral health: A comprehensive review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051471"},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association of vitamin D in patients with periodontitis: A cross-sectional study","volume":"00","author":"Isola","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1007\/s13361-018-1926-x","article-title":"Identification of vitamin D3 oxidation products using high-resolution and tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"29","author":"Mahmoodani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2018.06.024","article-title":"Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and anti-oxidative status in older adults","volume":"110","author":"Jungert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."}],"container-title":["Dentistry Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/8\/3\/89\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:57:41Z","timestamp":1760176661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6767\/8\/3\/89"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["dj8030089"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj8030089","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-6767"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-6767","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]]}}}