{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:24:26Z","timestamp":1785403466531,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chao Cheng","award":["National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61903047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61903047"]}]},{"name":"Chao Cheng","award":["Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission under Grant 2019C040-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission under Grant 2019C040-3"]}]},{"name":"Chao Cheng","award":["Scientific and Technological Developing Scheme of Ji Lin Province under NO. 20200401127G X"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Scientific and Technological Developing Scheme of Ji Lin Province under NO. 20200401127G X"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For ensuring the safety and reliability of high-speed trains, fault diagnosis (FD) technique plays an important role. Benefiting from the rapid developments of artificial intelligence, intelligent FD (IFD) strategies have obtained much attention in the field of academics and applications, where the qualitative approach is an important branch. Therefore, this survey will present a comprehensive review of these qualitative approaches from both theoretical and practical aspects. The primary task of this paper is to review the current development of these qualitative IFD techniques and then to present some of the latest results. Another major focus of our research is to introduce the background of high-speed trains, like the composition of the core subsystems, system structure, etc., based on which it becomes convenient for researchers to extract the diagnostic knowledge of high-speed trains, where the purpose is to understand how to use these types of knowledge. By reasonable utilization of the knowledge, it is hopeful to address various challenges caused by the coupling among subsystems of high-speed trains. Furthermore, future research trends for qualitative IFD approaches are also presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e23010001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T12:42:28Z","timestamp":1608640948000},"page":"1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["A Review of Intelligent Fault Diagnosis for High-Speed Trains: Qualitative Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5858-5193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"},{"name":"CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles Co., Ltd., Changchun 130062, China"},{"name":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9648-6700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiuhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8600-9668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongtian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Energy Saving Control and Safety Monitoring for Rail Transportation of Hunan Provincial, School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pu","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles Co., Ltd., Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2897583","article-title":"A review of fault detection and diagnosis for the traction system in high-Speed trains","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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