{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T22:14:10Z","timestamp":1793484850266,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]],"date-time":"2021-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Plan","award":["JCYJ20180307153213863 and JCY20190807162003696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20180307153213863 and JCY20190807162003696"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a chronic cardiovascular condition associated with dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Heart rate variability (HRV) has been widely used to assess ANS. This paper proposes a new HRV analysis method, which uses information-based similarity (IBS) transformation and fuzzy approximate entropy (fApEn) algorithm to obtain the fApEn_IBS index, which is used to observe the complexity of autonomic fluctuations in CHF within 24 h. We used 98 ECG records (54 health records and 44 CHF records) from the PhysioNet database. The fApEn_IBS index was statistically significant between the control and CHF groups (p &lt; 0.001). Compared with the classical indices low-to-high frequency power ratio (LF\/HF) and IBS, the fApEn_IBS index further utilizes the changes in the rhythm of heart rate (HR) fluctuations between RR intervals to fully extract relevant information between adjacent time intervals and significantly improves the performance of CHF screening. The CHF classification accuracy of fApEn_IBS was 84.69%, higher than LF\/HF (77.55%) and IBS (83.67%). Moreover, the combination of IBS, fApEn_IBS, and LF\/HF reached the highest CHF screening accuracy (98.98%) with the random forest (RF) classifier, indicating that the IBS and LF\/HF had good complementarity. Therefore, fApEn_IBS effusively reflects the complexity of autonomic nerves in CHF and is a valuable CHF assessment tool.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e23121669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T01:28:11Z","timestamp":1639358891000},"page":"1669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Similarity Changes Analysis for Heart Rate Fluctuation Regularity as a New Screening Method for Congestive Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Zeming","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"},{"name":"School of Science, Hua Zhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keming","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3692-0314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanzheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(84)80207-6","article-title":"Congestive heart failure with normal systolic function","volume":"54","author":"Dougherty","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. 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