{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:43:57Z","timestamp":1760147037191,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The framework of an automatic translator into the Polish Sign Language","award":["GOSPOSTRATEG-IV\/0002\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GOSPOSTRATEG-IV\/0002\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Centre for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GOSPOSTRATEG-IV\/0002\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GOSPOSTRATEG-IV\/0002\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Automatic translation between the national language and sign language is a complex process similar to translation between two different foreign languages. A very important aspect is the precision of not only manual gestures but also facial expressions, which are extremely important in the overall context of a sentence. In this article, we present the problem of including facial expressions in the automation of Polish-to-Polish Sign Language (PJM) translation\u2014this is part of an ongoing project related to a comprehensive solution allowing for the animation of manual gestures, body movements and facial expressions. Our approach explores the possibility of using action unit (AU) recognition in the automatic annotation of recordings, which in the subsequent steps will be used to train machine learning models. This paper aims to evaluate entropy in real-life translation recordings and analyze the data associated with the detected action units. Our approach has been subjected to evaluation by experts related to Polish Sign Language, and the results obtained allow for the development of further work related to automatic translation into Polish Sign Language.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e25010120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T02:09:39Z","timestamp":1673230179000},"page":"120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Processing Real-Life Recordings of Facial Expressions of Polish Sign Language Using Action Units"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3046-6365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Irasiak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Deartament of Pedagogy, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Al. Armii Krajowej 13\/15, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2128-6998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Kozak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Machine Learning, University of Economics in Katowice, 1 Maja 50, 40-287 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9323-6159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Piasecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u0141ukasiewicz Research Network\u2014Institute of Innovative Technologies EMAG, Leopolda 31, 40-189 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3843-2103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"St\u0119clik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u0141ukasiewicz Research Network\u2014Institute of Innovative Technologies EMAG, Leopolda 31, 40-189 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, November 15). 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