{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T22:06:16Z","timestamp":1780351576050,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSF CRCNS Japan-US","award":["2113096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2113096"]}]},{"name":"NSF CRCNS Japan-US","award":["W911NF1820264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF1820264"]}]},{"name":"NSF CRCNS Japan-US","award":["R21-NS113613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21-NS113613"]}]},{"name":"DARPA L2M Program","award":["2113096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2113096"]}]},{"name":"DARPA L2M Program","award":["W911NF1820264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF1820264"]}]},{"name":"DARPA L2M Program","award":["R21-NS113613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21-NS113613"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["2113096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2113096"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["W911NF1820264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF1820264"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R21-NS113613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21-NS113613"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantifying the dynamical features of discrete tasks is essential to understanding athletic performance for many sports that are not repetitive or cyclical. We compared three dynamical features of the (i) bow hand, (ii) drawing hand, and (iii) center of mass during a single bow-draw movement between professional and neophyte archers: dispersion (convex hull volume of their phase portraits), persistence (tendency to continue a trend as per Hurst exponents), and regularity (sample entropy). Although differences in the two groups are expected due to their differences in skill, our results demonstrate we can quantify these differences. The center of mass of professional athletes exhibits tighter movements compared to neophyte archers (6.3 &lt; 11.2 convex hull volume), which are nevertheless less persistent (0.82 &lt; 0.86 Hurst exponent) and less regular (0.035 &gt; 0.025 sample entropy). In particular, the movements of the bow hand and center of mass differed more between groups in Hurst exponent analysis, and the drawing hand and center of mass were more different in sample entropy analysis. This suggests tighter neuromuscular control over the more fluid dynamics of the movement that exhibits more active corrections that are more individualized. Our work, therefore, provides proof of principle of how well-established dynamical analysis techniques can be used to quantify the nature and features of neuromuscular expertise for discrete movements in elite athletes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e25101414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T07:47:52Z","timestamp":1696405672000},"page":"1414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Dynamical Analyses Show That Professional Archers Exhibit Tighter, Finer and More Fluid Dynamical Control Than Neophytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Hesam","family":"Azadjou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8452-6824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michalina","family":"B\u0142a\u017ckiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AWF \u00b7 Department of Physiotherapy, J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9587-8670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Erwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"},{"name":"Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Valero-Cuevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"},{"name":"Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sigmundsson, H., Trana, L., Polman, R., and Haga, M. (2017). What is trained develops! theoretical perspective on skill learning. Sports, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports5020038"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Pedro-Carracedo, J., Fuentes-Jimenez, D., Ugena, A.M., and Gonzalez-Marcos, A.P. (2020). Phase space reconstruction from a biological time series: A photoplethysmographic signal case study. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10041430"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peppoloni, L., Lawrence, E.L., Ruffaldi, E., and Valero-Cuevas, F.J. (2017). Characterization of the disruption of neural control strategies for dynamic fingertip forces from attractor reconstruction. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172025"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2015.08.019","article-title":"Prospectively identified deficits in sagittal plane hip\u2013ankle coordination in female athletes who sustain a second anterior cruciate ligament injury after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and return to sport","volume":"30","author":"Paterno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-004-0554-0","article-title":"The effect of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on lower extremity relative phase dynamics during walking and running","volume":"13","author":"Kurz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Quintana-Duque, J.C. (2012, January 12\u201314). Non-linear dynamic invariants based on embedding reconstruction of systems for pedaling motion. Proceedings of the Sportinformatik 2012, Konstanz, Germany."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, W., Zeng, W., Ma, L., Yuan, C., and Zhang, Y. (2018). Modeling and classification of gait patterns between anterior cruciate ligament deficient and intact knees based on phase space reconstruction, Euclidean distance and neural networks. Biomed. Eng. Online, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-018-0594-1"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-019-04017-z","article-title":"Classification of gait patterns in patients with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament deficiency based on phase space reconstruction, Euclidean distance and neural networks","volume":"24","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2005.10.015","article-title":"The origins of lithic projectile point technology: Evidence from Africa, the Levant, and Europe","volume":"33","author":"Shea","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"199","article-title":"Throwing spears and shooting arrows: Preliminary results of a pilot neuroarchaeological study","volume":"69","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"S. Afr. Archaeol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200405000-00003","article-title":"Electroencephalographic studies of skilled psychomotor performance","volume":"21","author":"Hatfield","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Nishizono, H., Shibayama, H., Izuta, T., and Saito, K. (1987, January 12\u201317). Analysis of archery shooting techniques by means of electromyography. Proceedings of the 5 International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, Athens, Greece."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860817","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.860817","article-title":"Effect of cognitive reappraisal on archery performance of elite athletes: The mediating effects of sport-confidence and attention","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25","DOI":"10.1017\/ehs.2022.20","article-title":"Archery\u2019s signature: An electromyographic analysis of the upper limb","volume":"4","author":"Dorshorst","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evol. Hum. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2021.2014573","article-title":"Muscle coordination during archery shooting: A comparison of archers with different skill levels","volume":"23","author":"Baifa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1752","article-title":"Analysis of muscular activity in archery: A comparison of skill level","volume":"58","author":"Shinohara","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sport. Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9457(02)00176-8","article-title":"Activation patterns in forearm muscles during archery shooting","volume":"22","author":"Ertan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2023.2235154","article-title":"Postural adjustments preceding string release in trained archers","volume":"41","author":"Kuch","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2020.1754471","article-title":"Relationship between bow stability and postural control in recurve archery","volume":"21","author":"Sarro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2017.1285963","article-title":"Postural stability, clicker reaction time and bow draw force predict performance in elite recurve archery","volume":"17","author":"Spratford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.108.2.558-564","article-title":"Interaction of hand preference with eye dominance on accuracy in archery","volume":"108","author":"Laborde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Ski."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1211730","article-title":"Identification of temporal factors related to shot performance for indoor recurve archery","volume":"35","author":"Callaway","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080170","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2023.1080170","article-title":"Fine synergies\u201d describe motor adaptation in people with drop foot in a way that supplements traditional \u201ccoarse synergies","volume":"5","author":"Azadjou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Sport. Act. Living"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2017.1392594","article-title":"Considerations for the use of functional principal components analysis in sports biomechanics: Examples from on-water rowing","volume":"18","author":"Warmenhoven","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sport. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2012.01455.x","article-title":"The application of principal component analysis to quantify technique in sports","volume":"24","author":"Federolf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1080\/13873954.2010.507079","article-title":"Applying a principal component analysis to movement coordination in sport","volume":"16","author":"Witte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Model. Dyn. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matilla-Garc\u00eda, M., Morales, I., Rodr\u00edguez, J.M., and Ruiz Mar\u00edn, M. (2021). Selection of embedding dimension and delay time in phase space reconstruction via symbolic dynamics. Entropy, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/e23020221"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01411","article-title":"Psychometric properties and factor structures of Chinese smartphone addiction inventory: Test of two models","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3403","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.45.3403","article-title":"Determining embedding dimension for phase-space reconstruction using a geometrical construction","volume":"45","author":"Kennel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1061\/TACEAT.0006518","article-title":"Long-term storage capacity of reservoirs","volume":"116","author":"Hurst","year":"1951","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Hurst, H.E., Black, R.P., and Simaika, Y.M. (2023, August 23). Long term storage. Available online: https:\/\/cir.nii.ac.jp\/crid\/1573387449265485184."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroha, P., and Skoula, M. (2018, January 21\u201324). Hurst Exponent and Trading Signals Derived from Market Time Series. Proceedings of the ICEIS (1), Funchal, Madeira.","DOI":"10.5220\/0006667003710378"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2174\/1874609809666160413113443","article-title":"The effect of a four-week balance training program on anticipatory postural adjustments in older adults: A pilot feasibility study","volume":"9","author":"Jagdhane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Aging Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.11.015","article-title":"Plasticity of the postural function to sport and\/or motor experience","volume":"72","author":"Paillard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"17","article-title":"Body stability and performance in archery","volume":"3","author":"Mason","year":"1986","journal-title":"Excel"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scispo.2018.08.008","article-title":"A comparison of the ground reaction forces of archers with different levels of expertise during the arrow shooting","volume":"34","author":"Simsek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.03.041","article-title":"Changes in phase space during learning an unstable balance","volume":"402","author":"Bardy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.10.032","article-title":"Assessing gait stability: The influence of state space reconstruction on inter-and intra-day reliability of local dynamic stability during over-ground walking","volume":"46","author":"Rispens","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sessa, S., Saito, K., Zecca, M., Bartolomeo, L., Lin, Z., Cosentino, S., Ishii, H., Ikai, T., and Takanishi, A. (2013, January 4\u20137). Walking assessment in the phase space by using ultra-miniaturized Inertial Measurement Units. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, Takamatsu, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMA.2013.6618035"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saraiva, M., Vilas-Boas, J.P., Fernandes, O.J., and Castro, M.A. (2023). Effects of motor task difficulty on postural control complexity during dual tasks in young adults: A nonlinear approach. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020628"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.06.007","article-title":"Model-based recognition of human actions by trajectory matching in phase spaces","volume":"30","author":"Casas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Takens, F. (1981). Dynamical Systems and Turbulence, Warwick 1980, Springer."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strogatz, S.H. (1994). Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos (with Applications to Physics, Biology Chemistry, and Engineering), Addison-Wesley.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4823332"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaplan, D., and Glass, L. (1995). Understanding Nonlinear Dynamics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0823-5"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ott, E. (2002). Chaos in Dynamical Systems, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511803260"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"149","article-title":"A Method for Signal Stationarity Estimation","volume":"17","author":"Zhivomirov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rom. J. Acoust. Vib."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.73.951","article-title":"Generating surrogate data for time series with several simultaneously measured variables","volume":"73","author":"Prichard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez, W.L., and Martinez, A.R. (2001). Computational Statistics Handbook with MATLAB, Chapman and Hall\/CRC.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420035636"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kantz, H., and Schreiber, T. (2004). Nonlinear Time Series Analysis, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511755798"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(92)90102-S","article-title":"Testing for nonlinearity in time series: The method of surrogate data","volume":"58","author":"Theiler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. D Nonlinear Phenom."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.33.1134","article-title":"Independent coordinates for strange attractors from mutual information","volume":"33","author":"Fraser","year":"1986","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9601(89)90169-2","article-title":"Proper choice of the time delay for the analysis of chaotic time series","volume":"142","author":"Liebert","year":"1989","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. A"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(85)90011-9","article-title":"Determining Lyapunov exponents from a time series","volume":"16","author":"Wolf","year":"1985","journal-title":"Phys. D Nonlinear Phenom."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/25\/10\/1414\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:04:56Z","timestamp":1760130296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/25\/10\/1414"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["e25101414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e25101414","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]]}}}