{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:14:51Z","timestamp":1760058891507,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sadi Carnot\u2019s seminal work laid the foundation for exploring the effects of thermodynamics across diverse domains of physics, stretching from quantum to cosmological scales. Here, we build on the principles of the original Carnot heat engine, and apply it in the context of a particular toy model black brane. This theoretical construct of an effectively two-dimensional, stable, and stationary gravitational object in four-dimensional spacetime derives from a hypothetical flat planet collapsed under the influence of gravity. By constructing a thermodynamic cycle involving three such black branes, we explore the possibility of energy extraction or mining, driven by the temperature gradients and gravitational potential differences characteristic of curved spacetime. Analytic solutions obtainable within this toy model illuminate key aspects of black hole thermodynamics in general, particularly for spacetimes that are not asymptotically flat. Central to these findings is the relation between gravitationally induced temperature ratios and entropy changes, which collectively offer a novel perspective on obtainable energy transfer processes around gravitational structures. This analysis highlights potential implications for understanding energy dynamics in gravitational systems in general, including for black hole evaporation and experimentally implemented black hole analogues. The presented findings not only emphasise the universality of the thermodynamic principles first uncovered by Carnot, but also suggest future research directions in gravitational thermodynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e27050491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T07:44:58Z","timestamp":1746171898000},"page":"491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Near-Horizon Carnot Engines Beyond Schwarzschild: Exploring Black Brane Thermodynamics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0135-3559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lotte","family":"Mertens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Theoretical Physics Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9378-008X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasper","family":"van Wezel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Theoretical Physics Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Carnot, S. 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