{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:01:07Z","timestamp":1791838867322,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is much confusion about the apparent opposition between Darwinian evolution and the second law of thermodynamics. Both entropy and entropy production play more fundamental roles in the origin of life and Darwinian evolution than is generally recognized. I argue that Darwinian evolution can be understood as a tendency for entropy production to increase. Since the second law is about the increase in entropy, this hypothesis goes beyond the second law because it is about the increase in entropy production. This hypothesis can explain some aspects of biology that Darwinism struggles with, such as the origin of life, the origin of Darwinism, ecological successions, and an apparent general trend towards biological complexity. Gould proposed a wall of minimal complexity to explain this apparent increase in biological complexity. I argue that the apparent increase in biological complexity can be understood as a tendency for biological entropy production to increase through a broader range of free energy transduction mechanisms. In the context of a simple universe-in-a-cup-of-coffee model, entropy production is proposed as a more quantifiable replacement for the notion of complexity. Finally, I sketch the cosmic history of entropy production, which suggests that increases and decreases of free energy availability constrain the tendency for entropy production to increase.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e27080850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T11:02:09Z","timestamp":1754910129000},"page":"850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Beyond the Second Law: Darwinian Evolution as a Tendency for Entropy Production to Increase"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2047-1558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles H.","family":"Lineweaver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6dinger, E. 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