{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:35:41Z","timestamp":1789432541286,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>UAV-assisted communication is widely regarded as a key component of next-generation Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks (SAGINs), where integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) further drives the demand for accurate and reliable channel modeling. Terahertz (THz) communications are particularly attractive for UAV platforms, offering ultra-high data rates and physically secure transmission. However, the physical heterogeneity between reflection and scattering mechanisms in THz UAV channels poses significant modeling challenges, as conventional unified approaches tend to introduce energy distribution distortion and non-stationary prediction errors. To address this, we propose a 3D non-stationary geometry-based stochastic model (GBSM) based on an ellipse-sphere hierarchical geometric framework, where reflection paths are confined to ground-plane ellipses and scattering paths are distributed over spatial spheres. The model accounts for atmospheric molecular absorption, multipath fading, and non-stationarity induced by random 3D UAV trajectories. A cluster birth-death mechanism is introduced to capture the time-varying evolution of scattering clusters. Key statistical properties, including the temporal auto-correlation function (T-ACF), spatial cross-correlation function (S-CCF), and Doppler power spectral density (DPSD), are derived and analyzed. Simulation results agree well with theoretical derivations, validating the proposed model and providing practical guidance for THz UAV-ISAC system design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e28070744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T12:41:38Z","timestamp":1782909698000},"page":"744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Non-Stationary Geometry-Based MIMO Channel Model for Terahertz UAV-Based Wireless Communication Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Zican","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Navigation, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Navigation, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8266-8316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Navigation, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Semiconductors, CAS, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78729","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2921522","article-title":"Wireless Communications and Applications Above 100 GHz: Opportunities and Challenges for 6G and Beyond","volume":"7","author":"Rappaport","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"41","article-title":"Terahertz Band Communication: An Old Frontier for a New Era of Wireless Systems","volume":"60","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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