{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T04:14:12Z","timestamp":1783743252316,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Project of Education and Research for Young and Middle-aged Teachers","award":["JZ230069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JZ230069"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid growth of heterogeneous IoT devices in 5G environments has created stringent requirements for low-latency edge-based protocol processing. Existing static parsing frameworks lack adaptability to dynamic multi-protocol traffic, resulting in increased processing delays and quality-of-service (QoS) violations under bursty workloads. This paper presents HeteroEdge, a latency-aware adaptive protocol parsing framework for 5G Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) environments. HeteroEdge integrates four tightly coupled components: (i) a lightweight machine-learning-based Heterogeneous Protocol Parsing Layer (HPPL) built on gradient-boosted decision trees (XGBoost); (ii) a Network Digital Twin (NDT) that maintains a compressed and continuously updated representation of IoT endpoint states; (iii) a Real-Time Inference Engine (RTIE) that dynamically reallocates parsing resources at 50 ms intervals; and (iv) a What-If Simulation (WIS) module that proactively evaluates resource-allocation strategies under hypothetical traffic scenarios. Experimental evaluation on a physical 5G MEC testbed comprising four Intel Xeon Silver 4316 edge nodes and 2000 emulated IoT endpoints spanning twelve protocol classes demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed framework. HeteroEdge reduces median edge parsing latency (including parsing, classification, and queuing delays, but excluding the 5G radio component) by up to 44.7% compared with static MEC baselines, achieves a macro-averaged protocol classification accuracy of 97.8%, and sustains sub-7 ms edge parsing latency at a line-rate NIC injection throughput of 18 Gbps. Furthermore, latency spikes under bursty traffic are reduced by 39% at the 95th percentile, while SLA violation rates decrease by a factor of 3.9 relative to static resource allocation. These results demonstrate that HeteroEdge provides an effective and scalable solution for latency-critical IoT applications, including smart manufacturing, connected vehicles, and urban sensing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e28070765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T15:15:04Z","timestamp":1783091704000},"page":"765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HeteroEdge: Latency-Aware Adaptive Protocol Parsing with Digital Twin Intelligence for Heterogeneous 5G IoT Edge Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Xiangping","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Fuzhou Institute of Technology, Fuzhou 350506, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2805-652X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thi-Kien","family":"Dao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Fuzhou Institute of Technology, Fuzhou 350506, China"},{"name":"Multimedia Communications Laboratory, University of Information Technology, VNU-Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6963-2626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trong-The","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Fuzhou Institute of Technology, Fuzhou 350506, China"},{"name":"Multimedia Communications Laboratory, University of Information Technology, VNU-Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko\u0142aczek, G. 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